48 research outputs found
Determining the resilient modulus of sandy subgrade using cyclic light weight deflectometer test
Resilient modulus is one of the important parameters used in the analysis and modelling of subgrade behaviour and it is directly related to the safety, economic and lifetime of roads structures. The determination of Resilient Modulus (MR) using repeated load triaxial (RLT) test is expensive, cumbersome and time consuming. Therefore, a new research approach has been adopted in this study based on performing cyclic light weight deflectometer (LWD). The objective of the cyclic loading is to bring the soil to its near elastic behaviour and then measure the dynamic deformations moduli (Evd). The cyclic LWD tests were performed in the field and in the laboratory and the measured Evds values were compared to the resilient moduli measured by RLT tests conducted under similar testing conditions. The number of LWD test cycles required to bring the soil to its elastic state can be decided directly during the test by using a new multifunctional LWD manufactured solely for the purpose of this study. It has been found that the required number of LWD repetitions (cycles) to conduct Evd moduli close to MR moduli depends on many influencing factors, namely, the moisture contents, lateral confinement and the maximum vertical axial stress levels during testing. Based on this study, it can be inferred that the cyclic LWD test can be used to predict simply and quickly the resilient behaviour of the tested soil with good precision and reliability. © 2020 The Autho
Assessing the interactions among factors affecting the light-weight deflectometer measurements
Many different factors can influence the outcomes of light-weight deflectometer (LWD) tests. Some of these factors are specific to the type of the used LWD, while others are related to the testing conditions. This paper summarizes the findings of a detailed investigation into the relationships between variables altering the measurements of the light-weight deflectometer test. Field testing was performed to investigate the effect of the sensing configuration (measurement of plate vs ground surface) and testing configuration (in terms of applied load magnitude, number of loadings, and moisture content). To accomplish this objective, a number of in situ LWD and moisture content investigations were conducted on two selected construction materials, namely, sandy subgrade soil and unbound granular material. Considering the multiple influencing factors involved in this study and the material dependency, relationships between the plate deformations and ground deformations could be developed, something which will help in overcoming the standardization problem of various LWD devices and their effect on the compaction control process. © 2023, The Author(s)
Kall Ätervinning av asfalt i verk : uppföljning av provvÀgar och kontrollstrÀckor i Hallands, Södermanlands och GÀvleborgs lÀn
Cold recycling of asphalt is a resource-saving technology because the materials do not need to be warmed up. Moreover, by using this technique, up to 100 per cent reclaimed asphalt concrete (RA) could be recycled. However, in order to achieve good results, the old RA should be processed in a proper manner. The report presents results of tests carried out on road N-714, part VessigebroâĂtrafors and road N 530, part SĂ„ghusetâSkönhult in Halland in addition to road D-976, StrĂ€ngnĂ€s and road D-957, Vansö in Södermanland. Moreover, this report presents results of tests performed on road X-583, part LjusneâSandarne in GĂ€vleborg. The mechanical properties have been investigated by indirect tensile strength and stiffness modulus for RA mixtures and drill cores. The tests results showed that part of the damage that may be encountered when using cold recycled asphalt coatings can be in the form of loss of surface materials, mechanical damage due to relatively soft road surfaces and unevenness of the road surface.Kall Ă„tervinning av asfaltbelĂ€ggning Ă€r en resurssnĂ„l teknik eftersom materialet endast behöver vĂ€rmas upp mĂ„ttligt eller inte alls. Vid dessa tekniker kan upp mot 100 procent gammal asfalt Ă„tervinnas, men för ett bra resultat Ă€r det viktigt att de gamla asfaltmassorna förbehandlas pĂ„ ett riktigt sĂ€tt. I rapporten redovisas provvĂ€gsförsök pĂ„ vĂ€g N-714, delen VessigebroâĂtrafors och vĂ€g N 530, delen SĂ„ghusetâSkönhult i Halland plus vĂ€g D-976, StrĂ€ngnĂ€s och vĂ€g D-957, Vansö i Södermanland. Dessutom redovisar rapporten resultat av provvĂ€gsförsök pĂ„ vĂ€g X-583, delen LjusneâSandarne i GĂ€vleborgs lĂ€n. De mekaniska egenskaperna har undersökts genom pressdraghĂ„llfasthet och styvhetsmodul för bĂ„de massaprov och borrkĂ€rnor. De skador som förekommit pĂ„ kalla Ă„tervinningsbelĂ€ggningar kan sammanfattas Ă€r i huvudsak sten- och materiallossning (stenslĂ€pp), mekaniska skador pĂ„ grund av mjuk vĂ€gyta (deformation och sprickor) samt ojĂ€mnheter pĂ„ grund av tröglagd massa.Denna rapport Ă€r en översĂ€ttning och sammanfattning av: VĂ€gverket. Publikation 2004:91. Handbok för Ă„tervinning av asfalt; VTI notat 1-2001, Kall och halvvarm Ă„tervinning av asfalt i verk: del 1 - laboratorieprovning av Torbjörn Jacobson och Fredrik Hornwall; VTI notat 28-2001, Kall och halvvarm Ă„tervinning av asfalt i verk: del 2 - provvĂ€gar och kontrollstrĂ€ckor av Torbjörn Jacobson samt VTI notat 62-1999, Kall Ă„tervinning av asfaltbelĂ€ggning: provvĂ€gsförsök i VĂ€rmland - sju Ă„rs efarenheter av Torbjörn Jacobson och Fredrik Hornwall</p
AnvÀndning av LWD vid bedömning av egenskaperna hos finkornig jord i undergrund med kopplingtill M-E Pavement Design
The current project focuses on using the VTIâs multifunctional light weight deflectometer (LWD) to estimate the dynamic deformation moduli of fine-grained soil under repeated loading. The research focuses also on finding new relationships where results from repeated LWD tests can be used later in mechanistic-empirical pavement design. The project is also aimed to verify the matching between the accumulated permanent strain of the tested soil measured by the in-situ repeated LWD and the accumulated permanent strain models adopted in mechanistic-empirical pavement designDet aktuella projektet fokuserar pĂ„ att anvĂ€nda VTI:s multifunktionella lĂ€tta fallviktsmĂ€tare (LWD) för att uppskatta dynamiska deformationsmoduler av finkornig jord under upprepad belastning. Forskningen fokuserar ocksĂ„ pĂ„ att hitta nya korrelationer dĂ€r resultat frĂ„n upprepade LWD--försök kan anvĂ€ndas senare i mekanistisk-empirisk vĂ€gdesign.  Projektet syftar ocksĂ„ till att kontrollera matchningen mellan den ackumulerade permanenta töjningen av den testade jorden mĂ€tt med upprepade LWD-försök i fĂ€lt och de ackumulerade permanenta töjningsmodeller som antagits i mekanistisk empirisk vĂ€gdesign
Varm Ätervinning av asfalt i verk : en allmÀn kvalitetskontroll för Ätervinning av varm asfaltsmix: svenska fallstudier
This notat aims to highlight the various demands on hot recycling of asphalt at a plant and to study how the recycled asphalt mixtures differ from the new one and how much asphalt granules that can be mixed without affecting the pavement performance negatively. The report presents a translation from Swedish to English of already published reports on hot recycling of asphalt in Sweden. Hot recycling at a central plant is a technique that has increased in popularity over the past years and today there are large numbers of asphalt recycling plants adapted for hot recycling in Sweden. In case of hot recycling plants, 10â50 percent of asphalt can be recycled depending on the plant type, method of recycling, type of the manufactured mixture, traffic volume and quality of the old asphalt pavement, etc. Recently, new recycling methods have been developed to enable 90â100 percent reclaimed asphalt (RA) involvement by continuous hot mix recycling. Correspondingly, the report presents results of tests carried out on the binder layer (ABb) of road 40 and surface course (ABS) of road 42, VĂ€stergötland. Research has been carried out on mixes and test sections to cover quality control of RA, stone materials in asphalt, binder content, particle size distribution and voids in asphalt, analysis of recycled binders and mechanical properties of asphalt.Detta notat belyser olika krav gĂ€llande varm Ă„tervinning av asfalt i verk. Syftet med projektet var ocksĂ„ att studera hur varma Ă„tervinningsmassor skiljer sig frĂ„n nytillverkade massor och hur mycket asfaltgranulat som kan blandas in utan att egenskaperna försĂ€mras. Rapporten Ă€r pĂ„ engelska och Ă€r en översĂ€ttning av tidigare rapporter i Ă€mnet publicerade pĂ„ svenska. Varm Ă„tervinning i verk Ă€r den teknik som ökat mest pĂ„ senare Ă„r och idag finns ett stort antal verk anpassade för varm Ă„tervinning i Sverige. Vid varm Ă„tervinning kan 10â50 procent asfaltmaterial Ă„tervinnas beroende pĂ„ verk, metod, typ av massa och lager, trafikvolym och kvaliteten hos den gamla asfaltbelĂ€ggningen, med mera. Nyligen har nya varma Ă„tervinningsmetoder utvecklats som innebĂ€r att 90â100 procent asfaltgranulat kan Ă„tervinnas. I rapporten redovisas försök med bindlager (ABb) pĂ„ vĂ€g 40 och slitlager (ABS) pĂ„ vĂ€g 42, VĂ€stergötland. Kontrollen av asfaltmassorna och provstrĂ€ckorna omfattar kvalitetskontroll av asfaltgranulat, stenmaterial i asfaltmassan, bindemedelshalt, kornkurva och hĂ„lrum pĂ„ asfaltmassan, analys av Ă„tervunnet bindemedel och mekaniska egenskaper hos asfaltmassan vilket redovisas i den hĂ€r rapporten.Denna rapport Ă€r en översĂ€ttning och sammanfattning av: VTI notat 22-1998: Varm Ă„tervinning i asfaltverk: försök med bindlager (ABb) pĂ„ vĂ€g 40 och slitlager (ABS) pĂ„ vĂ€g 42, VĂ€stergötland av Torbjörn Jacobson och Bo Simonsson samt VTI notat 21-2008: Varm Ă„tervinning i asfaltverk: försök med bindlager pĂ„ vĂ€g 40, delen Rya-Grandalen av Torbjörn Jacobson och Andreas Waldemarson</p
UtvÀrdering av anvÀndningen av svensk biprodukt gjuterisand i asfaltblandningar
The steel industry produces a myriad of metal components for industrial chains such as the automobile industry, which in turn generates mineral discarded sand molds. Although these sands are clean before their use, after casting they may contain contaminants (e.g., burnt carbon, residual binder, metal particles and dust). Therefore, huge quantities of excess by-product foundry sand (BFS) end up occupying large volumes in landfills. Since replacement of natural soils and aggregates with solid industrial by-products is highly desirable, the current research deals with recycling by-product foundry sand in asphalt mixtures. Accordingly, an experimental work has been undertaken to evaluate the possible use of two chosen BFS from two Swedish foundries in a conventional Swedish asphalt mixture, namely, ABT 11. The bitumen content has been chosen to be of type 160/220 and has been added to the mixtures at 6% of the total wight of the asphalt mixture for all the prepared series. The BFS coming from different foundries could differ in its particle size distribution and density based on the type of the original sand and the type of the additives added by the foundries. One of the BFS used in this study was brought from Federal- Mogul Göteborg foundry AB, designated as FM series, contains water glass (Sodium silicate) cured with Veloset 1 and 3 as additives. The other BFS was brought from Storebro foundry AB and designated as S series in this study. This foundry uses castings by hand molding with furan resin sand, in which furan resin plays a role as a bonding agent. The experimental procedure of this research has focused on the dosage, environmental and technical properties of the same mixture type ABT 11 and the same bitumen 160/220 but at different replacement proportions of the conventional fine sand fraction 0-2 mm with BFS. The tested asphalt mixtures include one reference series without any BFS replacement, three series with partial replacement of BFS from Federal- Mogul Göteborg foundry at 1%, 4% and 8% by the total weight of the asphalt mixture and three series with partial replacement of BFS from Storebro foundry at 4%, 8% and 12% by the total weight of the asphalt mixture. The environmental requirements in addition to the technical requirements, namely, void ratio, static indirect tensile strength ratio, and resilient modulus before and after moisture induced sensitivity tests of the asphalt mixtures have been investigated in the current study.StĂ„lindustrin producerar en mĂ€ngd metallkomponenter för industrikomplex som bilindustrin, som i sin tur genererar kasserade sandformar. Ăven om denna sand Ă€r ren före anvĂ€ndning kan den efter gjutning innehĂ„lla föroreningar (t.ex. brĂ€nt kol, kvarvarande bindemedel, metallpartiklar och damm). DĂ€rför hamnar stora mĂ€ngder överflödig gjutningssand (BFS) och tar upp stora volymer pĂ„ deponier. I Sverige hamnar cirka 200000 ton överskott av BFS pĂ„ deponier. Transport- och byggindustrin har den största potentialen för Ă„teranvĂ€ndning av restprodukter eftersom de anvĂ€nder stora mĂ€ngder obundna material Ă„rligen. Eftersom det Ă€r mycket önskvĂ€rt att ersĂ€tta naturliga jordar och aggregat med robusta industriella biprodukter, handlar den aktuella forskningen om Ă„tervinning av gjuterisand som restprodukt i asfaltblandningar. Följaktligen har ett experimentarbete utförts för att utvĂ€rdera den möjliga anvĂ€ndningen av tvĂ„ utvalda BFS frĂ„n tvĂ„ svenska gjuterier i en konventionell svensk asfaltblandning, nĂ€mligen ABT 11. BitumeninnehĂ„llet har valts att vara av typ 160/220 och har lagts till blandningarna med en bindemedelshalt pĂ„ 6% av den totala vikten av asfaltblandningen för alla beredda serier. BFS som kommer frĂ„n olika gjuterier kan skilja sig Ă„t i dess partikelstorleksfördelning och densitet baserat pĂ„ typen av original sand och typen av tillsatser som gjuterierna tillsĂ€tter. En av de BFS som anvĂ€ndes i denna studie togs frĂ„n Federal-Mogul Göteborg gjuteri AB, betecknad FM-serien, innehĂ„ller vattenglas (natriumsilikat) hĂ€rdat med Veloset 1 och 3 som tillsatser. Den andra BFS togs frĂ„n Storebro gjuteri AB och utsĂ„gs till S-serien i denna studie. Detta gjuteri anvĂ€nder formar som handformas med furansand, dĂ€r furanharts verkar som bindemedel. Det experimentella förfarandet för denna forskning har fokuserat pĂ„ dosering, miljö och tekniska egenskaper för samma blandningstyp ABT 11 och samma bitumen 160/220 men vid olika ersĂ€ttningsförhĂ„llanden för den konventionella finsandfraktionen 0-2 mm med BFS. De testade asfaltblandningarna inkluderar en referensserie utan nĂ„gon BFS-ersĂ€ttning, tre serier med delvis ersĂ€ttning av BFS frĂ„n Federal-Mogul Göteborg-gjuteri vid 1%, 4% och 8% av den totala vikten av asfaltblandningen och tre serier med partiell ersĂ€ttning av BFS frĂ„n Storebro gjuteri vid 4%, 8% och 12% av den totala vikten av asfaltblandningen. Miljökraven utöver de tekniska kraven, nĂ€mligen hĂ„lrumshalt, statisk indirekt draghĂ„llfasthetsförhĂ„llande och styvhetsmodul före och efter fuktinducerade kĂ€nslighetstester av asfaltblandningarna har undersökts i den aktuella studien
Utveckling av en enkel fÀltmetod för mÀtning av permanenta deformationer hos siltig sandjord
In this study, repeated light weight deflectometer tests were conducted at a test pit located at the backyard of VTI in Linköping. A silty sand subgrade soil has been chosen for testing. At the beginning, the soil was compacted in the test pit, and then, series of in-situ repeated Light Weight Deflectometer (LWD) were conducted at different ranges of water contents (namely 8%, 10% and 15%) and various applied stress levels (namely, 50 kPa, 100 kPa and 200 kPa). The test results showed that the deformation behaviour of the tested material affected significantly by the applied stress level, water content, and the number of load repetitions. It was noted that at the end of the fiftieth LWD load application, the increment of nonrecoverable (plastic) deformation was much smaller compared to the resilient/recoverable deformation. From the results of the accumulated permanent strains (deformations) conducted by repeated LWD tests, it can be deduced that the increase in permanent strains does not behave in the same way under all load and water contents conditions. Furthermore, prediction models for accumulated permanent strains based on the repeated LWD measurements are suggested in this study. Generally, all the developed and adopted models have showed good matching to the accumulated permanent strain (Δp) data measured by the repeated LWD tests except for the cases of p=100 kPa and 200 kPa at 15% water content due to the excessive accumulated permanent deformations reported for these cases.I denna studie genomfördes upprepade  lÀtt fallvikt (LWD) tester i en testgrop i Linköping. En packad siltig sandjord har valts för dessa tester. Serier av cykliska LWD-belastningar genomfördes pÄ olika intervall av vattenkvot (nÀmligen 8 %, 10 % och 15 %) och olika tillÀmpade stressnivÄer (nÀmligen 50 kPa, 100 kPa och 200 kPa). Testresultaten visade att det testade materialets deformationsbeteende pÄverkades avsevÀrt av den tillÀmpade lastnivÄn, vattenkvoten och antalet belastningar. Det noterades att vid slutet av den femtionde LWD-belastningen, steg den permanenta deformationen mycket mindre jÀmfört med den elastiska deformationen. FrÄn resultaten av de ackumulerade permanenta deformationer som utförts med upprepade LWD-tester, kan man utlÀsa att ökningen av permanenta skador inte beter sig pÄ samma sÀtt under alla last- och vattenkvotsförhÄllanden. Vidare föreslÄs prediktionsmodeller för ackumulerade permanenta töjningar baserade pÄ de cykliska LWD-mÀtningarna i denna studie. Generellt har alla utvecklade och antagna modellerna visat bra matchning mot de ackumulerade permanenta töjningarna (Δp) uppmÀtta frÄn de upprepade LWD-testerna, utom vid fallen p=100 kPa samt 200 kPa med 15 % vattenkvot, pÄ grund av de extrema ackumulerade permanenta skadorna som rapporterats för dessa fall
Measurement of subgrade soil permanent deformations under repeated loadings during simple in-situ test
is well known that permanent deformation has a significant influence on the performance of pavements because it leads an increase in maintenance operations and costs and reduces ride quality. Therefore, it is important to predict the permanent deformations during the design stage.
Due to the fact that up to date there is no simple test equipment and procedure that enables a direct in-situ measurement permanent deformations of subgrade soil under repeated loading, the current research has been undertaken to evaluating new testing approach to fulfil this requirement. The current study deals with developing a new multifunctional light weight deflectometer (LWD) that can be used to determine the in-situ permanent deformations of subgrade soil due to repeated loading by simple, cheap and time saving testing approach.
It was concluded that the suggested repeated light weight deflectometer test could give a powerful material assessment and pavement design tool for the analysis of compacted subgrade soil used in this study. The developed LWD that can measure the permanent deformations directly could be utilized to establish the risk level of permanent deformations in subgrade soil in pavement constructions during the design and construction stages
Events of the Joint Swedish-Japanese Workshop on âModern Technologies in Pavement Engineeringâ Held at VTI in Linköping on the 19th and 20th of November 2019 : A post workshop report
As part of the international cooperation activities, the pavement technology division at VTI hosted two daysâ workshop that brought together key stakeholders across Japan to share knowledge, discuss achievements, challenges and lessons arising from new technologies used in pavement engineering. The workshop took place on the 19th and 20th of November 2019 at the VTIâs head office in Linköping. The exchange of national practices and lesson learnt constituted the core part of the workshops. Representatives from Taisei Rotec Corporation; Nichireki Co. LTD; Nippo Co.; MAEDA Road Construction Co.; SEIKITOKYU KOGYO Co., LTD; FUKUDA Road Construction Co., LTD; Fine Road Consultant Co., Ltd; TOA Road Construction; Obayashi Road Co., Ltd;Tairiku Construction; Mitsubishi Electric Corporation; Civil Engineering Research Institute for Cold Region; Hokkaido University of Science; Kitami Institute of Technology, Fukuoka University, and VTI have attended the activities of the workshop and shared their experiences on the efforts spent in their countries to develop new methods, equipment, approaches and specifications used in roads construction, testing and maintenance. The full lists of participants from Japan and Sweden are given in appendices A-I and A-II respectively. The workshop program included presentations, exhibiting the Mobile Mapping System, visiting to the VTIâs Heavy Vehicle and Circular Road Simulator, Driving Road Simulator, Material Testing Laboratory and the Infra Culvert in Vallastaden. Appendices B-I and B-II show the first- and second-daysâ workshop schedule, respectively