Photoelectrochemical Detection of Dengue-Related Oligonucleotide Sequence Using Anthocyanin as an Intercalating Agent and Electrochromic Material

World Health Organization (WHO) presupposes a confirmation of dengue virus infection diagnosis with two criteria, i.e. clinical and laboratory criteria. One of the basic methods used by most laboratories to diagnose dengue virus is to detect oligonucleotide sequence using a DNA amplification technique. In this research, the measurement of denguerelated oligonucleotide was conducted by photoelectrochemical method. The presence of oligonucleotide sequence in target DNA can be detected by DNA probe that is immobilized on TiO2 electrode. The DNA hybrid is then bound to electrochromic substance like anthocyanin that generates current when it is subjected to light. The photocurrent is directly proportional to the number of target DNA. The aim of this research is to obtain photoelectrochemical system that has sensitivity and high responsiveness toward the change in oligonucleotide concentration, especially the applicability of anthocyanin as a electrochromic substance and intercalating agent. Linearity (R2) generated from the change of current in response to concentration changes of target DNA (in the concentration range of 0.75–3.00 nM) is 0.9611. Thus, this method has the potential to be developed to detect the presence of dengue virus in biological sample

ACUTE TOXICITY OF CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLES CONTAINING MAHKOTA DEWA (PHALERIA MACROCARPA) LEAF EXTRACT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS IN A DEXTRAN SODIUM SULFATE-INDUCED MOUSE MODEL OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS

Objective: The plant mahkota dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) is known to have anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to determine whetherchitosan nanoparticles containing mahkota dewa leaf extract would yield superior anti-inflammatory effects in the colon of a mouse model of dextransodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis, compared with ethanol extract alone after testing the acute toxicities (lethal dose) of both preparations.Methods: For acute toxicity testing, 10 Sprague-Dawley rats were administered 6000 mg/kg body weight (BW) of leaf extract alone or with nanoparticles.Subsequently, mice were divided into the following six groups to determine the anti-inflammatory effects: Untreated, negative control (DSS 2% w/v), leafextract at 12.5 or 25 mg/kg BW, and leaf extract in chitosan nanoparticles at 6.25 or 12.5 mg/kg BW. To induce colitis, DSS (2% w/v) was administeredthrough drinking water for 6 weeks. The anti-inflammatory effect was observed histopathologically by imaging the inflammatory cells of the mice colonwith hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining.Results: For acute toxicity testing, 10 Sprague-Dawley rats were administered 6000 mg/kg BW of leaf extract alone or with nanoparticles. Subsequently,mice were divided into the following six groups to determine the anti-inflammatory effects: Untreated, negative control (DSS 2% w/v), leaf extract at12.5 or 25 mg/kg BW, and leaf extract in chitosan nanoparticles at 6.25 or 12.5 mg/kg BW. To induce colitis, DSS (1% w/v) was administered throughdrinking water for 6 weeks. The anti-inflammatory effect was observed histopathologically by imaging the inflammatory cells of the mice colon withHE staining.Conclusion: Chitosan nanoparticles containing mahkota dewa leaf extract can be included in the practically non-toxic class of materials. However, anethanol extract of mahkota dewa leaf effectively inhibited DSS-induced inflammation in the mouse colon, regardless of delivery vehicle

Comparison of Helicobacter pylori Detection Using Immunohistochemistry and Giemsa and Its Association with Morphological Changes in Active Chronic Gastritis

Background: Gastritis is an inflammation of the gastric mucosa as a response to infection or irritation of the gaster. The most common aetiology of chronic gastritis is Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. Presence of H. pylori is associated with the occurrence of inflammation, atrophy, and intestinal metaplasia. In terms of morphology, H. pylori is known in 2 forms, which are rod-shaped and coccoid-shaped. Coccoid-shaped bacteria are difficult to detect using Giemsa staining. Therefore, immunohistochemistry staining of H. pylori and evaluation of the sensitivity of coccoid-shaped of H. pylori are needed.Method: Cross-sectional study on 90 biopsy tissues of chronic gastritis patients in year 2015 and 2014, which included 30 Giemsa cases with positive H. pylori, 30 cases of active chronic gastritis with negative H. pylori but coccoid-shaped was found, and 30 non-active chronic gastritis, were subsequently stained with immunohistochemistry staining of H. pylori.Results: Expression of coccoid-shaped H. pylori in active chronic gastritis was significantly different (p < 0.05) in immunohistochemistry staining. There was a significant difference between active chronic gastritis with positive H. pylori and negative H. pylori in immunohistochemistry staining with degree of inflammation. Sensitivity and specificity test between Giemsa and immunohistochemistry staining showed sensitivity of 65% and specificity of 100%.Conclusion: Immunohistochemistry staining in active chronic gastritis was more sensitive compared to Giemsa staining in detecting H. pylori, particularly the coccoid-shaped bacteria

EFFECT OF LUNASIN-RICH SOYBEAN EXTRACT UPON TNF-α EXPRESSION ON COLONIC EPITHELIAL CELLS OF MICE INDUCED BY AZOXYMETHANE/DEXTRAN SODIUM SULFATE

Objective: Colorectal cancer (CRC) contributes to 9.7% of all cancer, and its pathogenesis is related to chronic inflammation. However, current cancer therapy options are lacking, and peptide in food has become popular among researchers because it is cheap, easy to get, has a low toxicity, and is a promising cancer-preventing agent. This research aimed to investigate whether lunasin from soybeans can reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α in colonic epithelial cells. Methods: Thirty Swiss Webster mice were randomly allocated to six groups. One group was normal, and in five groups, carcinogenesis was induced using azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). The mice were then given nothing (negative control), aspirin (positive control), and lunasin-rich soybean extract (LSE) in three different doses (250, 300, and 350 mg/kgBW) for four weeks. Distal colon tissue was immunohistochemically stained and then observed under a light microscope with 400X magnification to count epithelial cells, based on their color. The index was calculated using optical density scores. Results: LSE was shown to decrease the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. This decrease was statistically significant between the negative control and a dose of 300 mg/kgBW (p=0.016) and 350 mg/kgBW (p=0.009), yet it was not significant with a dose of 250 mg/kgBW (p=0.754). Conclusion: a dose of 300 mg/kgBW or higher of LSE can reduce the expression of TNF-α

Pengetahuan, Sikap, dan Perilaku Terkait Infeksi Covid 19 pada Mahasiswa Universitas Yarsi dan Upaya Pencegahan Re-Infeksinya Ditinjau dari Kedokteran dan Pandangan Islam

Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus RNA, dengan penampilan khas seperti mahkota ketika dilihat di bawah mikroskop elektron karena adanya spike glikoprotein pada envelopenya. Meski kekebalan tubuh telah terbentuk , tetapi beberapa waktu ditemukan kasus infeksi ulang. Kejadian infeksi ulang didefinisikan sebagai tes PCR positif yang terjadi 90 hari setelah resolusi lengkap dari infeksi pertama, dengan 2 hasil tes negatif berturut-turut. Pencegahan penyebaran COVID-19 berkaitan dengan pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku masyarakat. Memiliki pengetahuan yang baik mengenai COVID- 19, akan melahirkan sikap positif terhadap penularan COVID-19. Sikap positif akan melahirkan perilaku pencegahan penularan COVID-19 yang baik pula. Jenis penelitian ini adalah observasional deskriptif dengan rancangan penelitian kuantitatif. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah Mahasiswa universitas YARSI sebanyak 448 orang. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan data primer berupa kuesioner yang disebarkan melalui google form. Analisis dilakukan secara univariat pada setiap variable. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan hasil pengetahuan yang didominasi oleh pengetahuan baik yaitu  sebanyak 362 responden (80.8%), dan pada sikap didapatkan hasil yang didominasi oleh sikap baik sebanyak 341 (76.1%), sedangkan hasil dari perilaku memberikan hasil yang didominasi oleh perilaku buruk yaitu sebanyak 238 (53.1%)

INHIBITION OF COX-2 EXPRESSION BY LUNASIN-RICH SOYBEAN EXTRACT ON COLORECTAL CANCER

Objective: The incidence of colorectal cancer has been growing faster than most other cancers in the past decade, especially in developing countries. One of the substances that is currently being investigated as potential chemopreventive agent is lunasin, which is contained in soybeans. This research explored the effect of lunasin on COX-2 expression in the distal colons of mice in which colorectal carcinogenesis was induced with azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Methods: A total of 30 Swiss Webster mice were separated into six groups. In five of the groups—a negative control group, positive control group, and three intervention groups—carcinogenesis was induced with AOM and DSS; the sixth group received no interventions. Lunasin-rich soybean extracts were given in doses of 250, 300, and 350 mg/kgBW for 6 w to the intervention groups Immunohistochemical staining of COX-2 was then carried out on tissue samples from the distal colons of mice that had been sacrificed. The samples were microscopically assessed and photographed, and cell counts were performed using the Image J application. COX-2 expression is reported in the form of an optical density score (ODS). Results: Significant differences between the negative control and the intervention groups were found at the 300 mg/kgBW (p = 0.047) and 350 mg/kgBW (p = 0.016) lunasin dosage levels. Conclusions: This demonstrates that administration of lunasin-rich soy extracts can inhibit COX-2 expression in cryptic epithelial cells of the distal colon in mice with carcinogenesis induced by AOM and DSS

MOLECULAR DOCKING STUDIES OF OPENED-CHAIN ANALOGUES OF ANTIMYCIN A ASCASPASES INHIBITORS OF APOPTOSIS IN COLORECTAL CANCER 3

Objective: Studies of open-chain analogues of antimycin A as caspase inhibitors of apoptosis by molecular docking approach through computeraideddrug design. The noveltyof this studyis finding the potentialantimycinA33 analogues which structurally modified against caspases.Methods: In finding potential caspase inhibitor of apoptosis in colorectal cancer (CRC) by in silico approach has been utilized. Protein structure ofcaspase has been downloaded from Protein Data Bank (1SHJ). The minimized of caspase was ready for molecular docking analysis. Analogues ofantimycin A as lead compounds were designed and assessed using Molsoft drug-likeness. Both protein and lignan derivatives were docked withAutodock 4.2. The best docking score was shown by the lowest binding energy.3Results: Analogues of antimycin A has been done by evaluating their physicochemical properties as lead compounds. From this assessment, itshowed that analogue 2 (AMD2), intermediate amide 4 (AMD4) showed good compounds to be drug-likeness by following Lipinski's rule of five(RO5), while intermediate amide 3 (AMD3) and antimycin A3 (AMY3) showed cannot followed in Lipinski's RO5. From molecular docking result, themost favorable binding of caspase was AMD4 and AMD2 based on its energy that AMD4 (−7.34 kcal/mol) has the best binding interaction comparedto AMD2 (−7.33 kcal/mol), AMY3 (−7.26 kcal/mol), and AMD3 (−5.23 kcal/mol), respectively.3Conclusion: This studies demonstrated that the opened-chain analogues of antimycin AAMD2 and AMD4 as a promising candidates of caspaseinhibitor of apoptosis in CRC.Keywords: Open-chain analogue, Antimycin A3, Caspase, Apoptosis, Anticolorectal cancer.3

Classification of Several Skin Cancer Types Based on Autofluorescence Intensity of Visible Light to Near Infrared Ratio

Skin cancer is a Malignant growth on the skin caused by many factors. The most common skin cancers are Basal Cell Cancer (BCC) and Squamous Cell Cancer (SCC). This research uses a discriminant analysis to classify some tissues of skin cancer based on criterion number of independent variables. An independent variable is variation of excitation light sources (LED lamp), filters, and sensors to measure autofluorescence intensity (IAF) of visible light to near infrared (VIS/NIR) ratio of paraffin embedded tissue biopsy from BCC, SCC, and Lipoma. From the result of discriminant analysis, it is known that the discriminant function is determined by 4 (four) independent variables i.e., blue LED-red filter, blue LED-yellow filter, UV LED-blue filter, and UV LED-yellow filter. The accuracy of discriminant in classifying the analysis of three skin cancer tissues is 100%