Collaborative Profile Assessment to Secure MANET by DDOS Attack

In the Mobile Ad-hoc Network, nodes bind together in the centralised authority's absence because reliability is one of the main challenges. The MANETS protective architecture provides some consequential problems due to the specific features of MANETS. The DDoS attack in the network is not quickly detectable. A management infrastructure that guarantees extensive security and the required network performance from attacks must be developed to overcome the barriers. Direct methods cannot be found successfully in mobile ad hoc networks in which network topology differs animatedly. Different DDoS security systems boost the network's output in front of an attacker to deactivate mismanagement, like NTRS. In this study, the Distributed Profile Evaluation Mechanism (DPEAP) DDoS Attack Effect in the Network proposes that compromise packets tossed out of the network beyond the network's capacity. The NTRS was a modern methodology in the study, and the DPEAP suggested is a new technique. The DPEAP identifies the attacker's behaviour by matching an attacker's profile with the ordinary nodes on the network, provided that the Node Profile is regular in the foaming of the proper network data delivery. The DPEAP then declare that the attacker's network has no hazard. In contrast with NTRS in MANET, the DPEAP method is stable and efficient

De novo identification of viral pathogens from cell culture hologenomes

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Fast, specific identification and surveillance of pathogens is the cornerstone of any outbreak response system, especially in the case of emerging infectious diseases and viral epidemics. This process is generally tedious and time-consuming thus making it ineffective in traditional settings. The added complexity in these situations is the non-availability of pure isolates of pathogens as they are present as mixed genomes or hologenomes. Next-generation sequencing approaches offer an attractive solution in this scenario as it provides adequate depth of sequencing at fast and affordable costs, apart from making it possible to decipher complex interactions between genomes at a scale that was not possible before. The widespread application of next-generation sequencing in this field has been limited by the non-availability of an efficient computational pipeline to systematically analyze data to delineate pathogen genomes from mixed population of genomes or hologenomes.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>We applied next-generation sequencing on a sample containing mixed population of genomes from an epidemic with appropriate processing and enrichment. The data was analyzed using an extensive computational pipeline involving mapping to reference genome sets and <it>de-novo </it>assembly. In depth analysis of the data generated revealed the presence of sequences corresponding to <it>Japanese encephalitis </it>virus. The genome of the virus was also independently <it>de-novo </it>assembled. The presence of the virus was in addition, verified using standard molecular biology techniques.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our approach can accurately identify causative pathogens from cell culture hologenome samples containing mixed population of genomes and in principle can be applied to patient hologenome samples without any background information. This methodology could be widely applied to identify and isolate pathogen genomes and understand their genomic variability during outbreaks.</p

Non-Diabetic Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Changing Spectrum with Therapeutic Ascendancy

Background and objectives: Owing to changing epidemiology and therapeutic practices, a change in the spectrum of renal involvement in Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has also been noted. The treatment of non-diabetic kidney disease (NDKD) differs from diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and the reversibility of NDKD in many cases to normal, prompts biopsy for rapid and accurate diagnosis. Data are scarce on kidney biopsy findings in T2DM. Study design & setting: In this observational study, we prospectively collected the data of kidney biopsies of patients aged ≥ 18 years with T2DM admitted between 1 August 2005 and 31 July 2022. The clinical, demographic and histopathological data were evaluated. The spectrum of kidney involvement in the form of DKD and/or NDKD was studied. The impact of these findings with the use of drugs retarding disease progression was also analyzed. Results: A total of 5485 biopsies were performed during the study period and of these 538 patients had T2DM. The mean age of the study population was 56.9 ± 11.5 years and 81% were males. The mean duration of DM was 6.4 ± 6.1 years. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) was noted in 29.7%. The most common indication for biopsy was an acute rise in creatinine (147, 27.3%). Amongst the 538 diabetic patients who underwent biopsy, histological features only of DKD were noted in 166 patients (33%), NDKD alone in 262 (49%) and NDKD with DKD lesions in 110 (20%). On multivariate analysis, duration of DM less than 5 years, absence of CAD, absence of DR, oliguria at presentation, an acute rise in creatinine and low C3 were associated with NDKD. Conclusions: The prevalence of NDKD among diabetics and ATIN in particular might be on an increasing trend in the current era of changing T2DM epidemiological patterns. The use of anti-pro-teinuric agents was associated with lesser degrees of histopathological chronicity in T2DM

Supplementary Data-Hypophosphataemic osteomalacia in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1- a role for FGF23?

Supplementary Dat

Supplement Figures - Hypophosphataemic osteomalacia in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1- a role for FGF23?

<p><b>Supplement Figure 1</b></p> <p><b><i>Family pedigree</i> </b><br> <b></b></p><p><br></p><p><br></p> <p><b>Supplement Figure 2</b></p> <p><b><i>Micro-architectural parameters of iliac crest bone evaluated by µCT</i></b></p> <p>(a) 3-D µCT images showing a normal bone and gross micro-architectural deterioration in the proband’s bone, (b<b>)</b> All parameters of cortical bone microarchitecture; T.Ar (periosteal area), B.Ar (cortical mean cross-section area), Cs.Th (cortical thickness), T.Pm (periosteal perimeter), and B.Pm (cortical bone perimeter) are significantly lower in the proband compared to age and sex-matched healthy control,<b> </b>(c)<b> </b>Parameters of trabecular bone microarchitecture; Tb.Th (trabecular thickness), and Tb.N (trabecular number) are decreased, while Tb.Sp (trabecular separation) and SMI (structure model index) are increased in the proband’s bone. All values are expressed as mean ± S.E. </p> <p>* p<0.05 and ** p<0. 01 versus control</p

Supplementary Data File- Hypophosphataemic osteomalacia in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1- a role for FGF23?

<h2>Supplementary Data File</h2

Sahoo-Supplement Fig 2.pdf

<p><b>Micro-architectural parameters of iliac crest bone evaluated by µCT</b></p> <p>(a) 3-D µCT images showing a normal bone and gross micro-architectural deterioration in the proband’s bone, (b<b>)</b> All parameters of cortical bone microarchitecture; T.Ar (periosteal area), B.Ar (cortical mean cross-section area), Cs.Th (cortical thickness), T.Pm (periosteal perimeter), and B.Pm (cortical bone perimeter) are significantly lower in the proband compared to age and sex-matched healthy control,<b> </b>(c)<b> </b>Parameters of trabecular bone microarchitecture; Tb.Th (trabecular thickness), and Tb.N (trabecular number) are decreased, while Tb.Sp (trabecular separation) and SMI (structure model index) are increased in the proband’s bone. All values are expressed as mean ± S.E. </p> <p>* p<0.05 and ** p<0. 01versus control</p

Sahoo-Supplement Fig 1.Hypophosphataemic osteomalacia in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1- a role for FGF23?

<b>Family pedigree </b

Supplementary Data File- Hypophosphataemic osteomalacia in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1- a role for FGF23?

Supplement data file-NF1-FGF2

Exploring access to HIV-related services and programmatic gaps for Men having Sex with Men (MSM) in rural India- a qualitative study.

BackgroundDespite the Link Worker Scheme to address the HIV risk and vulnerabilities in rural areas, reaching out to unreached men having sex with men (MSM) remains a challenge in rural India. This study explored issues around health care access and programmatic gaps among MSM in rural settings of India.MethodsWe conducted eight Focused Group Discussions (FGDs), 20 Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), and 20 In-Depth Interviews (IDIs) in four rural sites in Maharashtra, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh between November 2018 and September 2019. The data in the local language were audio-recorded, transcribed, and translated. Data were analyzed in NVivo version 11.0 software using the grounded theory approach.ResultsPrimary barriers to health care access were lack of knowledge, myths and misconceptions, not having faith in the quality of services, program invisibility in a rural setting, and anticipated stigma at government health facilities. Government-targeted intervention services did not seem to be optimally advertised in rural areas as MSM showed a lack of information about it. Those who knew reported not accessing the available government facilities due to lack of ambient services, fear of the stigma transforming into fear of breach of confidentiality. One MSM from Odisha expressed, "…they get fear to go to the hospital because they know that hospital will not maintain confidentiality because they are local people. If society will know about them, then family life will be disturbed" [OR-R-KI-04]. Participants expressed the desire for services similar to those provided by the Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA), frontline health workers for MSM.ConclusionProgramme invisibility emerges as the most critical issue for rural and young MSM. Adolescent and panthis emerged as Hidden MSM and they need focused attention from the programme. The need for village-level workers such as ASHA specifically for the MSM population emerged. MSM-friendly health clinics would help to improve healthcare access in rural MSMs under Sexual and Reproductive Health Care