Integration of freshwater prawn culture with rice farming in Kuttanad, India

The integration of paddy cultivation with prawn/fish culture can become a viable alternative to effectively utilize the vast area of derelict polders (embanked coastal flood plains) in Kuttanad, India. Nearly 55 000 ha of wetlands in Kuttanad are available for paddy cultivation year-round. Around 5 000 ha of the polders are utilized for Macrobrachium rosenbergii culture as a follow-up crop. Of the total area, about 250 ha of fallow polders are utilized for monoculture of M. rosenbergii from March to October, while in 4 750 ha polyculture with Indian and exotic carps is practiced from November to June. Stocking density is 15 000 to 60 000/ha for monoculture of M. rosenbergii, while in polyculture with carps, it is 5 000 to 20 000/ha of prawn and 5 000 to 10 000/ha of fish. Production from monoculture varies from 95 to 1 297 kg/ha whereas production from polyculture systems it is 70 to 500 kg/ha of prawn and 200 - 1 200 kg/ha of fish. Profits range from Rs. 5 000 to 20 000/ha. An evaluation is made of how the present polders of Kuttanad are best utilized for culture of M. rosenbergii following different systems of integrated farming and how the integration is useful in the aquaculture sustainability of Kuttanad, a tropical wetland ecosystem

Heterogeneous individual growth of Macrobrachium rosenbergii male morphotypes

In a single cohort of small freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, the size range of females in the population is rather small. However, among the males, three major morphotypes are found and each has a distinct size category. The differential growth pattern in males, termed "heterogeneous individual growth" (HIG), is a major bottleneck confronting the profitability of farming this species. An attempt is made to understand the cause and impact of HIG on the culture system and methods by which HIG could be minimized in growout in order to maximize the market yield structure of the harvested population

Reviving the Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) fishery in Vembanad Lake, India

In Vembanad Lake and its confluent rivers (Kerala, India), the catches of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) were reported to have dwindled to a mere 39 t in the 1980s from average landings of 300 t during the 1960s. This decline is due to the impact of a number of human interventions affecting the ecosystem and, hence, the stocks of M. rosenbergii. Monitoring of landings in 1994-1995 and 1995-1996 indicates an improvement in catches. This paper discusses the reasons for the decline and revival in stocks and suggestions for their replenishment

On the estimation of hospital cost: the approach

There has been a huge interest during the last decade on modelling hospital cost. Now that there is a fare amount of clarity achieved in estimating cost functions of hospitals, it is time to take stock of the existing methodologies. This article through a brief review of the past studies attempts to bring to light the issues and methodology related to cost estimation in health care provision, keeping in mind the increasing interest towards health insurance in developing countries. These include problems related to output measurement, definition of input prices and definition of cost and its components. The focus of the review is more on the statistical cost functions than on the accounting based cost calculations.hospital cost; cost estimation; multiproduct analysis

Climate Change Mediated Archaeal Overgrowth and Neanderthalisation: A Biological Basis for Philosophy, Economics, History, Politics, Literature, Social Movements, Feminism, Alternate Sexuality and Globalisation

Introduction: The homo neanderthalis society was matrilineal and the homo sapien society was patrilineal. The homo neanderthalis as described in previous papers had increased actinidic archaeal growth and archaeal magnetite/porphyrin mediated quantal perception. This gave a feeling of collective unconscious and universal oneness. The homo sapiens had decreased actinidic archaeal growth and archaeal magnetite/porphyrin mediated quantal perception was minimal. This gave rise to individuality in homo sapiens as opposed to societal consciousness in homo neanderthalis. The study evaluated actinidic archaeal growth in individuals with different personal characteristic features of socialistic, capitalistic, democratic, dictatorial, feminist, male chauvinist, artistic, creative literary characters, alternate sexuality, eco-conscious, nationalistic and globalised outlook. The results are presented in this study. Materials and Methods:The blood samples were drawn from two groups (a) the neanderthalic matrilineal population with outlook of altruism, primitive communism, socialism, democracy, female dominance, alternate sexuality, creativity in art and literature, spirituality, eco-consciousness, peaceful co-existence and a globalised world (b) the homo sapien patrilineal population with outlook of selfishness, primitive capitalistic, undemocratic, dictatorial, patriarchial, more masculine, less creative in art and literature, non-spiritual and material, heterosexual, exploitative, polluting, nationalistic and with an increased propensity to war. The estimations done in the blood samples collected include cytochrome F420 activity.Results: The results showed that the population with neanderthalic features and characteristics of altruism, primitive communism, socialism, democracy, female dominance, alternate sexuality, creativity in art and literature, spirituality, eco-consciousness, peaceful co-existence and a globalised world had increased cytochrome F420 activity.The results showed that the population with homo sapien features and characteristics of selfishness, primitive capitalistic, undemocratic, dictatorial, patriarchial, more masculine, less creative in art and literature, non-spiritual and material, heterosexual, exploitative, polluting, nationalistic and with an increased propensity to war had increased cytochrome F420 activity.Discussion: The basis of the features of homo neanderthalis society is primitive communism, socialism, democracy, female dominance, alternate sexuality, creativity in art and literature, spirituality, eco-consciousness, peaceful co-existence and a globalised world. The homo sapien society was selfish, primitive capitalistic, undemocratic, dictatorial, patriarchial, more masculine, less creative in art and literature, non-spiritual and material, heterosexual, exploitative, polluting, nationalistic and an increased propensity to war. The phenomena of global warming leads to increased extremophilic actinidic archaeal growth and neanderthalisation of homo sapiens leading to the resurgence of neanderthalic features in society

Climate Change and Global Warming Is Produced by Human Endosymbiotic Archaeal Overgrowth and Methanogenesis

ntroduction: The previous reports from this laboratory have demonstrated the existence and growth of endosymbiotic actinidic archaea in human population which has been related to disease states like schizophrenia, autism, metabolic syndrome, cancer, autoimmune disease and degenerations. The overgrowth of endosymbiotic actinidic archaea results in neanderthalisation of humans. The overgrowth of endosymbiotic archaea results from the growth of homo sapien civilization. The homo sapien civilization results in industrialization and production of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. The homo sapien civilization also results in widespread use of electronic devices like mobile phones and internet producing interconnectivity and a globalised world. The resultant low level EMF pollution also results in endosymbiotic archaeal growth. Carbon dioxide is a major greenhouse gas whose effects are long term but moderate. The archaea are methanogenic organisms. Methanogenesis results from the production of methane from carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Methanogenesis can also occur from formate and acetate. Acetate is the end product of carbohydrate, protein and lipid catabolism in humans. The human nutritional sources get metabolically converted to acetate and acetyl CoA which can enter the citric acid cycle and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. The presence of endosymbiotic actinidic archaea results in conversion of acetate to formate and methane. It also results in conversion of the ubiquitous carbon dioxide and hydrogen to methane. Thus the human body due to endosymbiosis by archaea becomes the principal source of methanogenesis. Methane is an important greenhouse gas. The effect of methane is short term as compared to carbon dioxide. Methane being a larger molecule can produce absorption of long range radiation and its global warming potential is 29 times that of carbon dioxide. Thus the principal culprit for global warming and eventual catastrophic extinction of human society is methane produced by human endosymbiotic archaea. The archaeal overgrowth due to global warming can affect ocean beds and lakes. This results in warming of the ocean and instability of methane hydrates in the ocean bed releasing methane. The arctic permafrost decays releasing organic carbon which can be a source of methanogenesis by archaea. The study was conducted to evaluate the growth of actinidic archaea in humans. Materials and Methods: Cytochrome F420 levels were studied in the homo sapien population as well as human populations exhibiting the Neanderthal phenotype. Fifteen cases each of the above mentioned groups were chosen for the study. The blood samples were drawn in the fasting state. Cytochrome F420 was estimated flourimetrically (excitation wavelength 420 nm and emission wavelength 520 nm). The permission from the Ethics Committee of the Institute was obtained for this study. Results: The study showed that there was increased cytochrome F420 levels in the population with Neanderthal phenotype in the blood. This indicated the growth of archaeal endosymbionts in the Neanderthal phenotype. There was also increased cytochrome F420 level in the normal homo sapien population but the extent of increase was small. The blood samples were drawn in the fasting state.Discussion: Thus the increased production of greenhouse gases predominantly methane is from human sources alone due to increased growth of endosymbiotic archaea consequent to global warming triggered by industrial overproduction of carbon dioxide and EMF pollution. The homo sapien industrialisation is a small trigger but is rapidly taken over and dominated by endosymbiotic archaeal growth in humans. The archaeal overgrowth and neanderthalisation of homo sapiens converts the somatic cells to stem cells leading to cancer, autoimmune disease, degeneration and autism/schizophrenia in the neoneanderthal species. The Warburg phenotype of stem cells also produces the metabolic syndrome. The neoneanderthals becomes prone to civilisational disease. The neanderthalised humans stem cells phenotypes are retroviral resistant due to digoxin induced RNA editing, reverse transcriptase inhibition due to magnesium deficiency and membrane raft changes due to cholesterol depletion. The neanderthalised human stem cells serve as a reservoir for other species virus and bacteria resulting in breakage of the species barrier for infection. The archaeal symbionts can secrete RNA and DNA virus like particles which can recombine with expressed viral remnants in the genome as well as parts of the human genome per se producing new viruses and bacteria. The neanderthalised humans stem cells are resistant to infection which ravages the sensitive homo sapien phenotype exterminating them. Thus archaeal symbiosis, global warming, generation of new emerging viruses, pandemics of viral infections, homo sapien extinction and homo neanderthalis dominance becomes the rule. The realm of the homo neanderthalis sets in. The archaeal overgrowth in the oceanic beds and oceanic warming results in instability of methane hydrates in the ocean bed releasing methane. This produces global catastrophe. It results in oceanic earthquakes, continental shifts, tsunamis and flooding leading to eventual extinction of the human race of both species. Conclusion: Thus the human body due to endosymbiosis by archaea becomes the principal source of methanogenesis. Methane is an important greenhouse gas. The effect of methane is short term as compared to carbon dioxide. Methane being a larger molecule can produce absorption of long range radiation and its global warming potential is 29 times that of carbon dioxide. Thus the principal culprit for global warming and eventual catastrophic extinction of human society is methane produced by human endosymbiotic archaea

Fossilised Neanderthal Matrilineal Societies, Neo-Neanderthal Hybrids, Endosymbiotic Actinidic Archaea and Civilisational Diseases

Neanderthal genes have been related to human disease. The human genome has been found to have up to 10 percent Neanderthal genes. The pyruvate dehydrogenase gene as well as those coding for MHC alleles are of Neanderthal origin. Neanderthal genes have been related to autism and autoimmune disease. There is high incidence of autism and Neanderthal anthropometry in the matrilineal and Dravidian language speaking nair community of Kerala. The autistic brain is comparable to the large-sized Neanderthal brain. Metabolic patterns were compared among the following groups: matrilineal nairs, non nairs, autism, schizophrenia and systemic diseases to find out a pattern of Neanderthal metabolism. The aim of the study aimed to detect fossilized Neanderthal matrilineal societies and new Neanderthal hybrids in relation to civilisational diseases. Four groups, 25 numbers in each group were chosen for the study—the autistic population diagnosed according to DSM criteria, the normal nair population, the normal non-nair population and civilisational disease group including metabolic syndrome x, alzheimer’s disease, cancer, schizophrenia and multiple sclerosis. Archaeal cholesterol catabolism as well as PDH activity, glycolytic pathway, the GABA shunt, porphyrins, homocysteine and ammonia metabolism were studied to find out a pattern of Neanderthal metabolism. Autistic metabolonomic patterns include low pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, mitochondrial dysfunction, GABA shunt, Warburg glycolytic phenotype, hyperammonemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, porphyria, low cholesterol/bile acid levels and a similar pattern is seen in the normal nair population of Kerala. Neanderthal metabolonomic patterns include a low efficiency PDH activity. Autistic and matrilineal societies like nair can be considered as remnants of the Neanderthals. The autistic and nair population have increased cytochrome F420 activity suggestive of endosymbiotic archaeal growth resulting in PDH and mitochondrial suppression. The increased archaeal digoxin synthesis later on shuts down the metabolic machinery the neuronal and other tissue cells and the human cells and tissues including the brain are taken over by an atavistic actinidic colony network. This leads onto a Neanderthal hybrid zombie syndrome. The increased archaeal growth in ice age conditions contributed to the neanderthal evolution and similar endosymbiotic archaeal growth related to global warming leads to neanderthalisation of homo sapiens. The autistic and neanderthalic metabolonomic patterns are also seen in civilisational diseases like syndrome X, schizophrenia, cancer, multiple sclerosis and alzheimer’s disease. The results suggest neanderthalisation of the humans due to global warming and archaeal growth. The Neanderthalisation of the human species is the basis of the global autistic, schizophrenic and civilisational disease epidemic—epidemic Neanderthal hybrid zombie syndrome. The matrilineal societies are fossilized Neanderthal remnants and neoneanderthal hybrids contribute to civilisational diseases