Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) Detection in Klebsiella Pneumoniae in Canary Birds (Serinus canaria) Imported from Malaysia

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a top priority for the WHO and the EU Commission, considering it a top 10 threat to global public health. This study provides an overview of the potential spread of Klebsiella pneumoniae, which exhibits multi-drug resistance (MDR), as a reservoir for the spread of resistance genes in the community. Samples were incubated on an MCA medium for isolation, followed by a Gram stain test and an IMViC test for further identification. The Kirby-Bauer diffusion test was used to determine antibiotic sensitivity. Based on the morphological characterization of the cultures, Gram stain results, and biochemical tests, it was found that, of the 150 samples isolated, 12 (8%) were positive for K. pneumoniae; 91.66% (11/12) of the isolates showed the highest level of resistance to amoxicillin, 83.33% (10/12) to tetracycline, 66.66% (8/12) to ciprofloxacin, and 66.66% (8/12) to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. As many as 83.33% (10/12) were identified as MDR as they showed resistance to three to four types of antibiotics. Judicious use of antibiotics, including proper selection of antibiotics and monitoring of their usage patterns, is key to maintaining treatment effectiveness. Joint efforts from various parties are needed to optimize the use of antibiotics and minimize the risk of bacterial resistance

The Potential of Laserpuncture Technology and Probiotics on Weight and Digestibility Crude Protein of Madura Bull at Tlagah Village, Sampang-East Java

Background: Laserpuncture is a technology that uses short-wave rays to receptors (acupuncture points) to increase the capacity and efficiency of organs to increase the productivity of animals' livestock. This can improve feed efficiency to help breeders maximize their beef bull fattening business. Purpose: This study was to test the potential of laserpuncture and probiotics on body weight gain and the digestibility of crude protein in Madura bull. Methods: This study used 12 Madura bulls with an age range of 2-2.5 years. The bulls were divided into two treatment groups. The P1 group shot laserpuncture at a dose of 0.5 joules. The P2 group received laserpuncture at a dose of 0.5 joules with 5 ml of probiotics administration in 1 liter of water. Data was taken by recording the weight gain of Madurese bulls every week and the results of crude protein digestibility testing. The resulting data is then analyzed using the T-test. Results: This study showed no significant difference between P1 and P2 in male Madura cattle's body weight gain and crude protein digestibility. Conclusion: The combination of laserpuncture at the growth point and probiotic administration in feed did not cause a significant difference in weight gain or digestibility of crude protein in male Madurese bull

Molecular detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in imported canaries (Serinus canaria) from Malaysia

The increasing public interest in keeping canaries has driven the growth of international trade in ornamental birds in Indonesia, especially in East Java. Data from the East Java Animal, Fish, and Plant Quarantine Center shows a significant increase in imports of canaries (Serinus canaria) from Malaysia. The high volume of imports has the potential to be a route of entry and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, one of which is Escherichia coli. The ability of E. coli to transfer resistance genes to other bacteria makes it an important reservoir in the dynamics of antimicrobial resistance in the environment. This study aimed to identify the presence of E. coli producing Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) in imported canaries, as well as to analyze their antimicrobial resistance profiles. A total of 150 canary feces samples were taken aseptically at the Malang Animal Quarantine Installation. Isolation of E. coli was carried out using Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMBA) media and confirmed by the IMViC biochemical test. Antibiotic sensitivity test (amoxicillin, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) using the Kirby-Bauer method. Detection of the blaTEM gene in Multidrug Resistance (MDR) isolates was carried out by PCR. Of the 150 samples, 27 isolates (18%) were confirmed as E. coli, with 81.4% (22/27) showing an MDR pattern. The highest resistance was found to tetracycline (88.9%), amoxicillin (85.1%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (70.4%). The blaTEM gene was detected in 59.1% (13/22) of the MDR isolates, indicating a plasmid-mediated beta-lactam resistance mechanism. Imported canaries have the potential to be a reservoir of ESBL-producing E. coli with a high prevalence of MDR. These findings highlight the need for strict supervision of bird imports and regulation of antibiotic use in farms to prevent the spread of antimicrobial resistance

Molecular identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae that produces extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) in canaries (Serinus canaria) imported from Malaysia

Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic Gram-negative bacterium known to cause serious infections in humans and animals and has the ability to develop resistance to various antibiotics. One of the most concerning resistance mechanisms is the production of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) enzymes, which can hydrolyze the latest generation of β-lactam antibiotics. This study aimed to identify the presence of ESBL-encoding genes, specifically blaTEM and blaSHV, in K. pneumoniae isolates obtained from imported canaries (Serinus canaria). A total of 150 fresh fecal samples were collected from imported canaries in Malang Regency and analyzed using conventional microbiological methods. Identification was carried out through colony morphology characterization, Gram staining, and biochemical tests (IMViC, SIM, TSIA). Isolates identified as K. pneumoniae were then tested for sensitivity to five types of antibiotics using the disk diffusion method and continued with molecular detection of ESBL genes using PCR techniques. The results showed that 12 samples (8%) were positive for K. pneumoniae, and of these, 10 isolates (83.3%) showed resistance to ≥3 classes of antibiotics, categorized as multidrug-resistant (MDR). Molecular detection revealed that 6 isolates carried the blaTEM gene and 1 isolate carried the blaSHV gene. These findings indicate that imported canaries have the potential to be a reservoir of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae and may contribute to the spread of antimicrobial resistance across species. Surveillance and early detection efforts are needed within the context of a One Health approach to prevent the risk of zoonoses and the spread of resistance in the global environment

Morphometric and Molecular Identification of Eimeria Bovis and Eimeria Zuernii on Beef Cattle in Lamongan, East Java, Indonesia

Lamongan Regency, located in East Java, Indonesia, is a significant center for beef cattle production. Despite its prominence, studies on the identification and differentiation of Eimeria spp. parasites in this region are notably lacking. This research aims to address this gap by evaluating the prevalence of Eimeria spp. and identifying two pathogenic species: Eimeria bovis and Eimeria zuernii. The study involved the collection of 250 fecal samples from beef cattle raised on smallholder farms across Lamongan. Sampling was conducted during the rainy season to optimize the detection of Eimeria infections. Using the sugar flotation method, Eimeria oocysts were isolated from 5–10 g of fecal matter per sample. Molecular identification employed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays targeting ribosomal RNA’s internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) region to detect the pathogenic species. Fecal examination using the Whitlock test revealed a prevalence of Eimeria spp. at 44.45% (111/250). PCR analysis further identified E. bovis with a 238 bp amplicon in Solokuro District and E. zuernii with a 344 bp amplicon in Tikung District, highlighting the presence of these two pathogenic species in distinct geographic areas. The findings underline the need for further research that includes expanded sampling from different regions and cattle breeds and the application of varied diagnostic methods. Such studies will contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the genetic diversity, distribution, and epidemiology of E. bovis and E. zuernii in Indonesia, supporting improved cattle health and management practices in the region

Bovine coccidiosis and molecular characterization of pathogenic Eimeria species in dairy cattle on Grati—Pasuruan, East Java, Indonesia

Background: Coccidiosis, caused by Eimeria spp., is a protozoan infection that rapidly spreads in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle. Coccidiosis requires attention from all parties, including the government, because it remains a neglected disease that impacts milk and meat production, potentially compromising food security and nutrition. The disease is frequently observed on farms with poor management systems, inadequate housing sanitation, and suboptimal environmental conditions. Eimeria spp. primarily cause mortality in calves less than 1 year old. Infection occurs when cattle consume sporulated oocysts that contaminate their water and feed, and this is the primary mode of transmission. Aim: This study aimed to identify various species of Eimeria spp. oocysts, followed by molecular characterization to identify pathogenic Eimeria spp. in dairy cattle. Methods: Fresh fecal samples were collected from 100 dairy cattle. Microscopic examination was performed to detect Eimeria using floatation. Molecular characterization of pathogenic Eimeria spp. by Polymerase Chain Reaction. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting of the ribosomal RNA gene's Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS-1) region. Result: The analysis indicated that 47 samples tested positive for the presence of Eimeria spp. oocysts. The analysis revealed five different species of Eimeria. Four samples with oocyst concentrations ranging from 250 to 2,500/ml were selected for DNA extraction and amplification, and using conventional PCR methods, Eimeria bovis (238 bp) was identified. Positive results for the molecular characterization of pathogenic Eimeria spp. were obtained using the ITS-1 gene at 238 bp. Conclusion: This study investigated cases of bovine coccidiosis and the molecular characterization of Eimeria species. The prevalence of coccidiosis in dairy cattle is 47%. E. bovis has been characterized using ITS-1, which measures 238 bp, in dairy cattle located in Grati-Pasuruan, East Java, Indonesia. [Open Vet J 2025; 15(4.000): 1549-1556

Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) Detection in Escherichia coli in Canary Birds (Serinus canaria) Imported from Malaysia

The frequency of canary imports continues to increase every year. Antibiotic resistance is a global problem that threatens human and animal health worldwide. Human interaction with birds as pets is a public health concern because it has the potential to increase zoonotic diseases. This study was conducted to identify the antibiotic resistance of E. coli using fecal swab samples of imported canaries from Malaysia. Samples were grown on an EMBA medium for the isolation test, Gram staining test, and IMViC test were performed to continue the identification test -Kirby-Bauer diffusion test - to determine antibiotic sensitivity. Based on morphological culture, Gram staining, and biochemical tests, the sample examination results showed 18% (27/150) were positive for E. coli, 16% (24/150) showed the highest resistance to tetracycline, 15,33% (23/150) amoxicillin, 12,66% (19/150) trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 6% (9/150) ciprofloxacin, and 14,66% (22/150) isolates were confirmed MDR because they were resistant to three to four antibiotics. Further efforts are needed to understand and address the factors that lead to antibiotic resistance in the context of animal and public health. Prudent management of antibiotic use and monitoring of antibiotic resistance needs to be improved to maintain animal health and prevent the risk of transmission of resistant bacteria to humans

The AMPK–mTOR axis as a central regulator of cellular metabolism and physiology

The AMPK–mTOR axis is a central regulator of cellular metabolism that balances catabolic and anabolic pathways according to energy, nutrient, and growth factor status. AMPK acts as an energy sensor, activated when the AMP/ATP ratio increases, which promotes fatty acid oxidation, glucose uptake, and autophagy while suppressing protein synthesis, lipogenesis, and cell proliferation. In contrast, mTORC1 integrates nutrient and growth factor signals to promote protein synthesis, organelle biogenesis, and cell growth when environmental conditions are favorable. The dynamic interplay between AMPK and mTOR enables cells to maintain energy balance, regulate growth and metabolism, and preserve the integrity of their organelles. AMPK–mTOR axis dysregulation has been associated with a number of clinical illnesses, such as cancer, obesity, type 2 diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and chronic inflammation. Over-activation of mTORC1 or insufficient AMPK activation can result in insulin resistance, lipid buildup, reduced autophagy, and aberrant cell survival and proliferation. On the other hand, medication or lifestyle changes like mTOR inhibitors, AMPK activators, intermittent fasting, or exercise can help rebalance these pathways, enhance organ function, and lower the chance of disease development. This review aimed to summarize the molecular mechanisms of the AMPK–mTOR axis, its role in cellular metabolism and physiology, and its implications for the therapy of metabolic diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. An in-depth knowledge of AMPK–mTOR interactions can serve as the foundation for the creation of precision treatment plans that maintain energy homeostasis in both healthy and diseased states, balance catabolic and anabolic pathways, and improve cellular adaptability

Life inside the cell: A modern review of cellular physiology and molecular regulation

Cell physiology is fundamental to all life processes, as every biological function depends on molecular regulation and organelle dynamics within cells. Advances in technology, such as high-resolution microscopy, multi-omic approaches, and genome engineering, have revealed new complexities in how cells process information, maintain homeostasis, and respond to stress. This review aims to summarize recent developments in the understanding of cell physiology, molecular regulation, and their implications for health and disease. Cell architecture, including eukaryotic compartmentalization and cytoskeletal dynamics, determines the coordination of signal transduction, metabolism, and adaptive responses. Major pathways such as MAPK, PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, and mTOR integrate environmental signals to regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Genetic and epigenetic regulation, including transcription factor activity, histone modifications, and ncRNA, provides layered control that ensures precise gene expression. At the protein level, the proteostasis system involving chaperones, proteasomes, and autophagy maintains protein quality and prevents toxic aggregation. The dynamics of organelles, mitochondria, ER, and lysosomes regulate energy, protein folding, and metabolism through complex cross-organelle interactions. Stress responses such as the heat shock response, unfolded protein response, and the NRF2 antioxidant pathway enable cells to adapt to disturbances in homeostasis. The integration of molecular signaling, genetic regulation, proteostasis, and organelle dynamics demonstrates that cell physiology is a highly coordinated regulatory network. Although much progress has been made, the spatio-temporal relationships between pathways and the long-term effects of environmental stress remain important gaps in our knowledge. This understanding opens new avenues for basic research and cell-based therapy development

Equine Viral Arteritis: Reproductive risks and management strategies in horse populations

Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA) is an infectious disease in horses caused by Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV), a member of the Arterivirus genus in the Arteriviridae family. This disease has a significant impact on animal health and the horse breeding industry because it can cause systemic viremia, vascular damage, subcutaneous edema, abortion in pregnant mares, and persistent infection in adult stallions. Post-pubertal stallions can become androgen-dependent carriers, continuously excreting the virus through semen without showing clinical symptoms, thus acting as the main reservoir and route of venereal transmission. Transmission of the virus also occurs through respiratory and transplacental contact, with the risk of transmission increasing in dense populations, high mobility, and suboptimal reproductive management practices. This review summarizes the latest literature on the characteristics of the virus, epidemiology, pathogenesis, immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, and EVA control strategies. Detection of the virus through RT-qPCR and serological screening is the primary method for identifying acute cases and carriers, while selective vaccination and strict biosecurity measures have proven effective in suppressing the spread of the virus. The immune response to EAV involves innate and adaptive mechanisms, including the activation of macrophages, T cells, and the production of neutralizing antibodies, although it is not always able to eliminate the virus in the reproductive tissues of males. Overall, EVA control requires a multidimensional approach that integrates vaccination, carrier monitoring, reproductive management, and biosecurity. This information is important to support prevention strategies, outbreak control, and animal health policies in the global equine industry