Development of the Federal Law of Gambling

The Commission on the Review of the National Policy Toward Gambling, believing that the States should have the primary responsibility for determining what forms of gambling may legally take place within their borders, recently suggested that the federal government should prevent interference by one State with the gambling policies of another, and should act to protect identifiable national interests. Although this broad recommendation reinforces the role the federal government has traditionally played in regulating gambling, the Commission also proposed specific amendments to the cur- rent federal gambling laws. Should Congress act upon the Commission\u27s report or otherwise attempt a comprehensive review of federal gambling policy–such legislation, S. 1437, has already passed the Senate–its members ought to bring to their task a firm grasp of what the federal gambling law is, how that law developed, and what policies underlie it. This Article seeks to shed light on each of these questions

Ronald V. Dellums v. George Bush (D.D.C. 1990): Memorandum Amicus Curiae of Law Professors

This joint memorandum is submitted to the court hearing Dellums v. Bush. This amicus brief advocates that the President may not order American armed forces to make war without consultation with and approval by Congress. The brief also argues that the case is justiciable

\u3cem\u3eRonald V. Dellums v. George Bush\u3c/em\u3e (D.D.C. 1990): Memorandum \u3cem\u3eAmicus Curiae\u3c/em\u3e of Law Professors

This joint memorandum is submitted to the court hearing Dellums v. Bush. This amicus brief advocates that the President may not order American armed forces to make war without consultation with and approval by Congress. The brief also argues that the case is justiciable

Mesoscopic Tunneling Magnetoresistance

We study spin-dependent transport through ferromagnet/normal-metal/ferromagnet double tunnel junctions in the mesoscopic Coulomb blockade regime. A general transport equation allows us to calculate the conductance in the absence or presence of spin-orbit interaction and for arbitrary orientation of the lead magnetizations. The tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR), defined at the Coulomb blockade conductance peaks, is calculated and its probability distribution presented. We show that mesoscopic fluctuations can lead to the optimal value of the TMR.Comment: 5 pages, 3 eps figures included using epsf.sty. Revised text and improved notation, fig. 2 removed, explicit equations for the GSE case adde

Spin and e-e interactions in quantum dots: Leading order corrections to universality and temperature effects

We study the statistics of the spacing between Coulomb blockade conductance peaks in quantum dots with large dimensionless conductance g. Our starting point is the ``universal Hamiltonian''--valid in the g->oo limit--which includes the charging energy, the single-electron energies (described by random matrix theory), and the average exchange interaction. We then calculate the magnitude of the most relevant finite g corrections, namely, the effect of surface charge, the ``gate'' effect, and the fluctuation of the residual e-e interaction. The resulting zero-temperature peak spacing distribution has corrections of order Delta/sqrt(g). For typical values of the e-e interaction (r_s ~ 1) and simple geometries, theory does indeed predict an asymmetric distribution with a significant even/odd effect. The width of the distribution is of order 0.3 Delta, and its dominant feature is a large peak for the odd case, reminiscent of the delta-function in the g->oo limit. We consider finite temperature effects next. Only after their inclusion is good agreement with the experimental results obtained. Even relatively low temperature causes large modifications in the peak spacing distribution: (a) its peak is dominated by the even distribution at kT ~ 0.3 Delta (at lower T a double peak appears); (b) it becomes more symmetric; (c) the even/odd effect is considerably weaker; (d) the delta-function is completely washed-out; and (e) fluctuation of the coupling to the leads becomes relevant. Experiments aimed at observing the T=0 peak spacing distribution should therefore be done at kT<0.1 Delta for typical values of the e-e interaction.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figure

Interactions in Chaotic Nanoparticles: Fluctuations in Coulomb Blockade Peak Spacings

We use random matrix models to investigate the ground state energy of electrons confined to a nanoparticle. Our expression for the energy includes the charging effect, the single-particle energies, and the residual screened interactions treated in Hartree-Fock. This model is applicable to chaotic quantum dots or nanoparticles--in these systems the single-particle statistics follows random matrix theory at energy scales less than the Thouless energy. We find the distribution of Coulomb blockade peak spacings first for a large dot in which the residual interactions can be taken constant: the spacing fluctuations are of order the mean level separation Delta. Corrections to this limit are studied using the small parameter 1/(kf L): both the residual interactions and the effect of the changing confinement on the single-particle levels produce fluctuations of order Delta/sqrt(kf L). The distributions we find are significantly more like the experimental results than the simple constant interaction model.Comment: 17 pages, 4 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.

The Development of the Federal Law of Gambling

The Commission on the Review of the National Policy Toward Gambling, believing that the States should have the primary responsibility for determining what forms of gambling may legally take place within their borders, recently suggested that the federal government should prevent interference by one State with the gambling policies of another, and should act to protect identifiable national interests. Although this broad recommendation reinforces the role the federal government has traditionally played in regulating gambling, the Commission also proposed specific amendments to the cur- rent federal gambling laws. Should Congress act upon the Commission\u27s report or otherwise attempt a comprehensive review of federal gambling policy–such legislation, S. 1437, has already passed the Senate–its members ought to bring to their task a firm grasp of what the federal gambling law is, how that law developed, and what policies underlie it. This Article seeks to shed light on each of these questions