učinak propilen-glikola i glicerola na metabolizam ugljikohidrata i masti u kunića - kratko priopćenje

This study examined the effects of glycogenic precursors (propylene glycol and glycerol) on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism of rabbit does fed a restricted diet. The study included 48 females of the Hyplus genetic line, divided into primiparous and multiparous groups. On the 4th day of the restricted diet, the rabbits were orally administered propylene glycol (PG) or glycerol (G), 2 mL/kg body weight0.75. Blood samples were collected immediately prior to administration of the glycogenic precursors and 30, 60, 90, 180, and 360 minutes thereafter. Serum concentrations of glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and β-hydroxybutyric acid were determined. Following the use of both glycogenic precursors, glucose concentration increased after 30 min., which was maintained until the end of the experiment. A significant (P<0.01) decrease in NEFA occurred 120 min after PG was given to primiparous and multiparous does, and remained low up to 360 min after administration. For glycerol, the decrease in NEFA occurred later after 360 min. The mean glucose concentration for the whole period was lower in multiparous females, and higher in primiparous ones. We revealed that both propylene glycol and glycerol showed the evident effect of lipolysis inhibition and gluconeogenesis stimulation, which can be used in practice (e.g. lactation, reproduction).U ovom je radu istraživan učinak glikogenskih pretskazatelja (propilen-glikola i glicerola) na metabolizam masti i ugljikohidrata u kunića hranjenih restriktivnim obrocima. U istraživanje je uključeno 48 ženki genetičke linije Hyplus, podijeljenih u skupine s obzirom na to jesu li primipare ili multipare. Četvrti dan restriktivne hranidbe kunićima je oralno primijenjen propilen-glikol (PG) ili glicerol (G) u dozi od 2 mL/kg tjelesne mase0,75. Uzorci krvi prikupljeni su neposredno prije primjene glikogenskih pretskazatelja te 30, 60, 90, 180 i 360 minuta poslije njihove primjene. Određene su serumske koncentracije glukoze, neesterificiranih masnih kiselina (NEFA) i beta-hidroksimaslačne kiseline. Primjenom obaju glikogenskih pretskazatelja, koncentracija glukoze porasla je nakon 30 minuta i ta se vrijednost zadržala do kraja istraživanja. znakovito smanjenje (P < 0,01) NEFA-e bilo je 120 minuta nakon što je PG primjenjen kod primipara i multipara, te je ostao nizak do 360 minuta nakon primjene. Davanjem glicerola vrijednost NEFA-e smanjila se poslije 360 minuta. Srednja vrijednost glukoze u cijelom tom razdoblju bila je niža u multipara, a viša u primipara. Pokazalo se da i propilen-glikol i glicerol imaju učinak lipolitičke inhibicije i stimulacije glukoneogeneze, što se može primijeniti u praksi, primjerice tijekom laktacije i reprodukcije kunića

Utjecaj različitog opterećenja treningom na neke pokazatelje u krvi konja za preponsko jahanje

The aim of the study was to assess the changes in the hematology and blood chemistry of jumping horses under the different workload trainings. Group A was trained with a rider and without additional exercises. Group B had an additional daily training session on the treadmill. Blood samples were taken at rest, before exercise and 24 hours after the jumping competition (at the beginning of the season, in the middle and at the end). Regardless of the type of training intensity level and workout load, the post-exercise studies showed an increase in RBC, HGB and HCT. In Group B, there was increase (P<0.05) of resting parameters RBC and HGB between the start of the season and in the middle. During the study there was an increase in AST, LDH, CK in both groups after training. Horses from Group B, subjected to additional training at the end of the season, had lower activity in the resting parameters of AST, LDH and CK than horses from group A. In group B the resting value of LA was lower in the middle and at the end of the sports season, in comparison to group A. The research indicated the desirability of introducing additional stimulation of movement in horses between the relevant trainings involving a rider.Cilj istraživanja bio je procijeniti promjene u hematološkim i biokemijskim pokazateljima kod konja za preponsko jahanje. Konji su podvrgnuti različitim opterećenjima treningom: skupina A trenirala je s jahačem i bez dodatnih vježbi, skupina B imala je dodatan dnevni trening na pokretnoj traci za trčanje. Uzorci krvi uzeti su u mirovanju, prije vježbanja i 24 sata nakon natjecanja u preponskom jahanju (početak, sredina i završetak sezone). Bez obzira na vrstu treninga te razinu njegova intenziteta i opterećenja, nakon vježbanja ustanovljeno je povećanje broja eritrocita (RBC), koncentracije hemoglobina (HGB) i hematokrita (HCT). U skupini B došlo je do povećanja (P<0,05) pokazatelja u mirovanju: RBC i HGB između početka sezone i sredine sezone. Tijekom istraživanja u obje je skupine nakon treninga došlo do povećanja aspartat-aminotransferaze (AST), laktat dehidrogenaze (LDH) i kreatin kinaze (CK). Konji iz skupine B, podvrgnuti dodatnom treningu, na kraju sezone imali su nižu aktivnost pokazatelja AST, LDH i CK u mirovanju od konja iz skupine A. U skupini B pokazatelji mliječne kiseline (LA) u mirovanju bili su niži u sredini i na kraju sportske sezone u usporedbi sa skupinom A. Istraživanje upućuje na poželjnu praksu kojom se između treninga, koji uključuju jahača, uvodi dodatna stimulacija kretanja konja

The effects of heat stress on the behaviour of dairy cows – a review

Heat stress in livestock is a function of macro- A nd microclimatic factors, their duration and intensity, the environments where they occur and the biological characteristics of the animal. Due to intense metabolic processes, high-producing dairy cows are highly vulnerable to the effects of heat stress. Disturbances in their thermoregulatory capability are reflected by behavioural, physiological and production changes. Expression of thermoregulatory behaviour such as reduction of activity and feed intake, searching for cooler places or disturbances in reproductive behaviours may be very important indicators of animal welfare. Especially maintenance of standing or lying position in dairy cattle may be a valuable marker of the negative environmental impact. Highly mechanized farms with large numbers of animals have the informatic system that can detect alterations automatically, while small family farms cannot afford this type of equipment. Therefore, observing and analysing behavioural changes to achieve a greater understanding of heat stress issue may be a key factor for developing the effective strategies to minimize the effects of heat stress in cattle. The aim of this review is to present the state of knowledge, over the last years, regarding behavioural changes in dairy cows (Bos taurus) exposed to heat stress conditions and discuss some herd management strategies providing mitigation of the overheat consequences

Infrared Thermography in Assessment of Facial Temperature of Racing Sighthound-Type Dogs in Different Environmental Conditions

The aim of the study was to assess the usefulness of IRT measurements of selected regions of interest (ROI), i.e., the eyeball and the nose of whippet dogs, before and after coursing competitions taking place in various environmental conditions, thereby enabling the assessment of well-being and the level of heat stress. The research was carried out over two different periods with different thermal humidity indexes (THIs). In the first period, the THI was 59.27 (Run 1), while in the second period, the THI was 63.77 (Run 2). The experimental subjects comprised 111 sighthound-type dogs—whippets—that were photographed with a thermal imaging camera to determine their eye temperature (ET) and nose temperature (NT). The average minimum and maximum eye temperatures were statistically lower after running in both measurements. Increased minimum and maximum nose temperatures were also demonstrated after both runs. The nasal temperature values were statistically higher for Run 2, for which the THI was higher, compared to Run 1. Eyeball temperature may be a marker of thermoregulation ability, regardless of the ambient temperature. The value of ETmax decreased on average by 2.23 °C and 0.4 °C, while NTmax increased uniformly by 2 °C after both runs. A correlation was found between the IRT measurements and physiological indicators

Metabolism, Ketosis Treatment and Milk Production after Using Glycerol in Dairy Cows: A Review

The aim of this paper is to review and systematize the current state of knowledge on glycol metabolism in cattle. Glycerol, derived from biodiesel production, must be purified in order to be a useful product for feeding livestock. The use of glycerol in the feeding of ruminants can be justified for several reasons: (i) it is a source of energy in the ration, (ii) it is a glucogenic precursor, and (iii) it may have an effect on milk composition. The high energy value of glycerol provides the opportunity to use this raw material as a partial grain substitute in cattle feed rations. Dietary supplementation of glycerol is associated with increased propionate, butyrate, valerate, and isovalerate concentrations in the rumen. Glycerol can be used at up to 10%&ndash;15% of the dietary dry matter (DM) and is well-established as a treatment for ketosis in cows. Glycerol increases plasma glucose and may reduce non-esterified fatty acids and &beta;-hydroxybutyrate levels. The use of glycerol does not have a clear effect on DM intake, milk yield, or milk composition. However, some authors have reported an increase in milk yield after glycerol supplementation associated with decreased milk fat concentration. It is also possible that the concentration in the milk of odd-chain fatty acids and cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid may increase after glycerol application

The influence of different workload trainings on some blood parameters in show jumping horses

The aim of the study was to assess the changes in the hematology and blood chemistry of jumping horses under the different workload trainings. Group A was trained with a rider and without additional exercises. Group B had an additional daily training session on the treadmill. Blood samples were taken at rest, before exercise and 24 hours after the jumping competition (at the beginning of the season, in the middle and at the end). Regardless of the type of training intensity level and workout load, the post-exercise studies showed an increase in RBC, HGB and HCT. In Group B, there was increase (P<0.05) of resting parameters RBC and HGB between the start of the season and in the middle. During the study there was an increase in AST, LDH, CK in both groups after training. Horses from Group B, subjected to additional training at the end of the season, had lower activity in the resting parameters of AST, LDH and CK than horses from group A. In group B the resting value of LA was lower in the middle and at the end of the sports season, in comparison to group A. The research indicated the desirability of introducing additional stimulation of movement in horses between the relevant trainings involving a rider.Cilj istraživanja bio je procijeniti promjene u hematološkim i biokemijskim pokazateljima kod konja za preponsko jahanje. Konji su podvrgnuti različitim opterećenjima treningom: skupina A trenirala je s jahačem i bez dodatnih vježbi, skupina B imala je dodatan dnevni trening na pokretnoj traci za trčanje. Uzorci krvi uzeti su u mirovanju, prije vježbanja i 24 sata nakon natjecanja u preponskom jahanju (početak, sredina i završetak sezone). Bez obzira na vrstu treninga te razinu njegova intenziteta i opterećenja, nakon vježbanja ustanovljeno je povećanje broja eritrocita (RBC), koncentracije hemoglobina (HGB) i hematokrita (HCT). U skupini B došlo je do povećanja (P<0,05) pokazatelja u mirovanju: RBC i HGB između početka sezone i sredine sezone. Tijekom istraživanja u obje je skupine nakon treninga došlo do povećanja aspartat-aminotransferaze (AST), laktat dehidrogenaze (LDH) i kreatin kinaze (CK). Konji iz skupine B, podvrgnuti dodatnom treningu, na kraju sezone imali su nižu aktivnost pokazatelja AST, LDH i CK u mirovanju od konja iz skupine A. U skupini B pokazatelji mliječne kiseline (LA) u mirovanju bili su niži u sredini i na kraju sportske sezone u usporedbi sa skupinom A. Istraživanje upućuje na poželjnu praksu kojom se između treninga, koji uključuju jahača, uvodi dodatna stimulacija kretanja konja

Effect of Natural Antioxidants on the Stability of Linseed Oil and Fish Stored under Anaerobic Conditions

Vegetable and animal oils are susceptible to the oxidation of their lipid components on storage. Polyphenols from apple peels are investigated as potential natural antioxidants used for stabilizing polyunsaturated fatty acid and preventing oxidation. The aim of this study was assessing the antioxidant efficacy of apple pomace as natural antioxidant in linseed and fish oils, stored in anaerobic conditions. Apple pomace was added to the linseed and fish oils stored for eight weeks to evaluate the antioxidant activity of their polyphenolic components. The total phenolic content, activity of DPPH, ABTS•+, FRAP, acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), and fatty acid profile were analyzed in storage tests. We found that apple pomace, regardless of the oil content of the formulation, was capable of blanking 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals. The highest ability to reduce Fe3+ ions occurred in the samples containing 30% of the fish oil. The use of apple pomace comprising polyphenolic compounds improves the stability of linseed and fish oils in storage tests. Polyphenols in apple pomace show a high antioxidant potential, as indicated by their values of DPPH, ABST•+, and FRAP. The addition of apple pomace resulted in limiting the acid and peroxide values of the samples during storage

Effects of Protein-Iron Complex Concentrate Supplementation on Iron Metabolism, Oxidative and Immune Status in Preweaning Calves

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding protein-iron complex (PIC) on productive performance and indicators of iron metabolism, hematology parameters, antioxidant and immune status during first 35 days of a calf’s life. Preparation of the complex involved enzymatic hydrolysis of milk casein (serine protease from Yarrowia lipolytica yeast). Iron chloride was then added to the hydrolyzate and lyophilizate. Calves were divided into treated groups: LFe (low iron dose) 10 g/day calf of protein-iron complex, HFe (height iron dose) 20 g/day calf, and control group. Dietary supplements containing the lower dose of concentrate had a significant positive effect on iron metabolism, while the higher dose of concentrate resulted in increase of total iron binding capacity (TIBC), saturation of transferrin and decrease of and unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC), which suggest iron overload. Additionally, treatment with the lower dose of iron remarkably increased the antioxidant parameters, mainly total antioxidant (TAS) and glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx). Higher doses of PIC were related to lower total antioxidant status. IgG, IgM, insulin, glucose, TNFα and IGF-1 concentration did not change significantly in either group after supplementation. In practice, the use of protein-iron complex concentrate requires taking into account the iron content in milk replacers and other feedstuffs

Evaluation of Suitability of New Bedding Material Obtained after Straw Biogasification for Dairy Cows

This study aimed to compare the biomass obtained via the biogasification of straw with the classic bedding material, wheat straw. It was divided into two stages. In the first stage, a laboratory evaluation of the bedding materials was carried out, taking into account dry matter, pH, and water absorption. In the laboratory tests, the bedding obtained after the biogasification of straw (Verbio) showed better sorptive properties, with a value of 439.86% (wheat straw’s value was 294.10%), and its pH value was higher than that of wheat straw. In the second stage of the experiment, field tests were carried out on a production farm, wherein the bedding was evaluated for bedding hygiene, animal hygiene, insulation properties, animal productivity, and microbiological properties. A microbiological assessment was also performed. Regarding cleanliness and production parameters and thermographic insulation properties, the two types of bedding did not show statistically significant differences. In terms of microbiological parameters, a higher number of all examined types of bacteria and fungi was observed in the Verbio bedding compared with straw, but these differences were not statistically significant, except in the case of total coliform. The results indicate that straw obtained after gasification is a suitable bedding material, with parameters similar to those of wheat straw

Comparison of Antibiotic Use and the Frequency of Diseases Depending on the Size of Herd and the Type of Cattle Breeding

Diseases are responsible for losses in livestock production by increasing animal mortality and reducing productivity. The administration of antibiotics can help mitigate these negative effects. However, inappropriate use can lead to severe complications, such as raising antibiotic resistance. The purpose of this study was to perform a comparative analysis of antibiotic use and disease frequency over four years, based on the size of dairy farms and the type of farm. The study covered a 4-year period and included medium dairy farms (20–50 cows, n = 13), large dairy farms (>250 cows, n = 8), and large beef farms (n = 8). The collected data involved antimicrobial use but also included farm demographics, animal health, disease frequency, and herd management practices. The criteria used to categorise antibiotics into groups A–D were based on the EMA guidelines. The carried-out study showed that the large dairy cattle farms had the highest antibiotic consumption (18.29 mg·PCU−1), due to the high frequency of diseases, and consequently, the treatment of calf (diarrhoea, lung inflammations) and cow diseases (general treatment and mastitis). Cattle on large beef farms suffer mainly from general diseases caused by maintenance and herd management conditions. The use of restrict antibiotics was, in some cases, unjustified (antibiotics for dry cow therapy). Future studies should consider a larger number of farms, taking into account the given direction of cattle production