Effect of RGS5 deficiency on body weight, fat mass and adipocyte size.

<p><b>A</b> Representative photograph of WT and KO mice fed an NC and HF for 24 weeks. <b>B</b> Growth curves of WT (black) and KO (blank) mice fed an NC (triangle) and an HF (rhombus) (n = 8–11). <b>C</b> Histology of visceral adipose tissue with hematoxylin-eosin. <b>D</b> Mean adipocyte size of the visceral adipose tissue in WT (black) and KO (blank) mice fed an NC and an HF for 24 weeks (n = 5). <b>E</b> Expression levels of mRNA related to adipogenesis in the visceral fat of WT (a dotted line at value 1) and KO (black) mice fed an HF for 24 weeks (n = 6). Values represent means ± SEM. #<i>p</i><0.05 and ##<i>p</i><0.01 compared with WT mice fed an NC; *<i>p</i><0.05 and **<i>p</i><0.01 compared with WT mice fed an HF.</p

RGS5 deficiency exacerbated fat accumulation in liver.

<p><b>A</b> Histology of liver with hematoxylin-eosin. <b>B</b> Histology of liver with oil red O. <b>C</b> Expression levels of mRNA related to fatty acid metabolism in the liver of WT (a dotted line at value 1) and KO (black) mice fed an HF for 24 weeks (n = 6). Values represent means ± SEM. *<i>p</i><0.05 and **<i>p</i><0.01 compared with WT mice.</p

Effect of RGS5 deficiency on body weight at initial of feeding and body weight, mean food intake, fat and liver weight after 24 weeks of feeding (n = 8–10).

<p>Data are means ± SEM.</p>##<p><i>p</i><0.01 vs. WT mice fed an NC;</p><p>*<i>p</i><0.05 and</p><p>**<i>p</i><0.01 vs. WT mice fed an HF.</p

Metabolic and inflammatory variables in circulation at initial of feeding (n = 8).

<p>Data are means ± SEM.</p>##<p><i>p</i><0.01 vs. WT mice fed an NC;</p><p>**<i>p</i><0.01 vs. WT mice fed an HF.</p

RGS5 deficiency promoted inflammation and JNK, NF-κB signaling in the adipose tissue, liver and skeletal muscle of mice fed an HF for 24 weeks.

<p><b>A</b> Expression levels of mRNA related to inflammation in the visceral adipose tissue of WT (a dotted line at value 1) and KO (black) mice (n = 6). <b>B</b> Expression levels of mRNA related to inflammation in the liver of WT (a dotted line at value 1) and KO (black) mice(n = 6). <b>C</b> Expression levels of mRNA related to inflammation in the gastrocnemius muscle of WT (a dotted line at value 1) and KO (black) mice (n = 6). <b>D</b> Phosphorylation levels of proteins related to inflammatory signaling in the visceral adipose tissue, liver and gastrocnemius muscle of KO and WT mice (n = 6). <b>E</b> Quantitative measurements of p-JNK, p-IκBα and p-NF-κBp65 protein relative to their total protein between WT mice (a dotted line at value 1) and KO mice (black). Values represent means ± SEM. *<i>p</i><0.05 and **<i>p</i><0.01 compared with WT mice.</p

RGS5 deletion resulted in decreased peripheral insulin sensitivity and suppressed the Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway in mice fed an HF for 24 weeks.

<p><b>A,B,C</b> Blood glucose levels during GTT were determined at the indicated time points after i.p. injection with a bolus of glucose in WT and KO mice fed an NC (A) and HF (B) and corresponding AUC (C) (n = 6–8). <b>D,E,F</b> Blood glucose levels during ITT were determined at the indicated time points after i.p. injection with a bolus of insulin in WT and KO mice fed an NC (D) and HF (E) and corresponding AUC (F) (n = 6–8). <b>G</b> Phosphorylation levels of proteins related to insulin signaling in the visceral adipose tissue, liver and gastrocnemius muscle of WT and KO mice (n = 6). <b>H</b> Quantitative measurements of p-Akt and p-GSK3β protein relative to their total protein between WT mice (a dotted line at value 1) and KO mice (black). Values represent means ± SEM. #<i>p</i><0.05 and ##<i>p</i><0.01 compared with WT mice fed an NC; *<i>p</i><0.05 and **<i>p</i><0.01 compared with WT mice fed an HF.</p

RGS5 deficiency exacerbated hyperinsulinemia.

<p><b>A</b> The level of fasting blood glucose in WT (black) and KO (blank) mice fed an NC (triangle) and HF (rhombus) from 0 to 24 weeks (n = 8–11). <b>B,C</b> The level of plasma insulin in WT (black) and KO (blank) mice fed an NC(triangle) and HF (rhombus) from 0 to 24 weeks (B) and corresponding AUC (C) (n = 8). Values represent means ± SEM. #<i>p</i><0.05 and ##<i>p</i><0.01 compared with WT mice fed an NC; *<i>p</i><0.05 and **<i>p</i><0.01 compared with WT mice fed an HF.</p