Evaluation of patients with fibrotic interstitial lung disease: Preliminary results from the Turk-UIP study

OBJECTIVE: Differential diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is important among fibrotic interstitial lung diseases (ILD). This study aimed to evaluate the rate of IPF in patients with fibrotic ILD and to determine the clinical-laboratory features of patients with and without IPF that would provide the differential diagnosis of IPF. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included the patients with the usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern or possible UIP pattern on thorax high-resolution computed tomography, and/or UIP pattern, probable UIP or possible UIP pattern at lung biopsy according to the 2011 ATS/ERSARS/ALAT guidelines. Demographics and clinical and radiological data of the patients were recorded. All data recorded by researchers was evaluated by radiology and the clinical decision board. RESULTS: A total of 336 patients (253 men, 83 women, age 65.8 +/- 9.0 years) were evaluated. Of the patients with sufficient data for diag-nosis (n=300), the diagnosis was IPF in 121 (40.3%), unclassified idiopathic interstitial pneumonia in 50 (16.7%), combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) in 40 (13.3%), and lung involvement of connective tissue disease (CTD) in 16 (5.3%). When 29 patients with definite IPF features were added to the patients with CPFE, the total number of IPF patients reached 150 (50%). Rate of male sex (p<0.001), smoking history (p<0.001), and the presence of clubbing (p=0.001) were significantly high in patients with IPE None of the women <50 years and none of the men <50 years of age without a smoking history were diagnosed with IPE Presence of at least 1 of the symptoms suggestive of CTD, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and antinuclear antibody (FANA) positivity rates were significantly higher in the non-IPF group (p<0.001, p=0.029, p=0.009, respectively). CONCLUSION: The rate of IPF among patients with fibrotic ILD was 50%. In the differential diagnosis of IPF, sex, smoking habits, and the presence of clubbing are important. The presence of symptoms related to CTD, ESR elevation, and EANA positivity reduce the likelihood of IPF

Selective transport of cobalt (II) from ammoniacal solutions containing cobalt (II) and nickel (II) by emulsion liquid membranes using 8-hydroxyquinoline

The selective transport of cobalt (II) from ammoniacal solutions containing nickel (II) and cobalt (II) by emulsion liquid membranes (ELMs) using 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) as extractant has been presented. Membrane solution consists of a diluent (kerosene), a surfactant (ECA 4360J), and an extractant (8-HQ). Very dilute sulphuric solution buffered at pH 5.0 has been used as a stripping solution. The ammoniacal feed solution pH was adjusted to 9.0 with hydrochloric acid. The important variables governing the permeation of cobalt (II) have been studied. These variables are membrane composition, pH of the feed solution, cobalt (II) and nickel (II) concentrations of the feed solution, stirring speed, surfactant concentration, extractant concentration, complexing agent concentration and pH of the stripping solution, and phase ratio. After the optimum conditions had been determined, it was possible to selectively transport 95.0% of cobalt (II) from ammoniacal feed solution containing Co2+ and Ni2+ ions. The separation factors of cobalt (II) with respect to nickel (II), based on initial feed concentration, have experimentally found to be of as high as 31 for equimolar Co(II)-Ni(II) feed solution. (C) 2011 The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Separation and concentration of cobalt from aqueous thiocyanate solutions containing cobalt-nickel by emulsion liquid membranes using TBP as extractant

In this work, the zinc plant copper cake (CINKUR Co., Turkey) was leached with hydrochloric acid and main acidic leach solution containing Zn(II), Fe(II), Pb(II), Al(III), Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(ll) ions was obtained. Except for cadmium, cobalt and nickel, the other metals were precipitated by adding various reagents and adjusting the pH of the solution. Then, cadmium was separated by solvent extraction process. After these separation processes, ammonium thiocyanate and water were added to remaining leach solution. Thus, acidic thiocyanate leach solutions used in ELM process were obtained. ELM consists of kerosene as diluent, tributyl phosphate as extractant, sorbitan monooleate (SPAN 80) as surfactant, and 6 M ammonia solution as the stripping solution. Separation and concentration of cobalt by ELM from acidic thiocyanate leach solution containing cobalt and nickel was performed. The important parameters governing the extraction behavior of cobalt have been investigated. These parameters were mixing speed, surfactant concentration, extractant concentration, phase ratio, treatment ratio, stripping solution base concentration, initial cobalt concentration in feed solution, thiocyanate concentration in the feed solution, and the feed solution pH. The results obtained showed that by appropriate selection of the extraction and stability conditions, nearly all of the cobalt ions present in the feed solution were extracted within 10 min. The separation factors of cobalt with respect to nickel, based on initial feed concentration, have experimentally found to be of as high as 310 for non-equimolar Co-Ni feed solutions. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Separation and concentration of cobalt from zinc plant acidic thiocyanate leach solutions containing cobalt and nickel by an emulsion liquid membrane using triisooctylamine as carrier

In this study, the zinc plant purification cake (CINKUR Co., Turkey) was leached with sulphuric acid and main acidic leach solution containing Zn(II), Fe(II), Pb(II), AI(III), Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) ions was obtained. Except for cadmium, cobalt and nickel, the other metals were precipitated by adding various reagents and adjusting the pH of solution. Then, cadmium was separated by solvent extraction process. After these separation processes, ammonium thiocyanate and water were added to remaining leach solution. Thus, acidic thiocyanate leach solutions used in ELM process were obtained. ELM consists of a diluent (kerosene), a surfactant (ECA 4360J), an extractant (TIOA), and 6 M ammonia solution as the stripping solution. Separation and concentration of cobalt by ELM from acidic thiocyanate leach solution containing cobalt and nickel were studied. The important parameters governing the extraction behaviour of cobalt have been investigated. These parameters were mixing speed, surfactant concentration, extractant concentration, phase ratio, treatment ratio, stripping solution base concentration, thiocyanate concentration in the feed solution, and the feed solution pH. The results obtained at the optimum conditions showed that nearly all of cobalt ions present in the feed solution were extracted within 5 min. The separation factors of cobalt with respect to nickel, based on initial feed concentration, have experimentally found to be of as high as 108 for equimolar Co-Ni feed solutions. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Cobalt-nickel separation from acidic thiocyanate leach solutions by emulsion liquid membranes (ELMs) using TOPO as carrier

An ELM process using tri-noctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) to extract cobalt from the zinc plant acidic thiocyanate leach solutions containing cobalt and nickel has been presented. ELM consists of a diluent (kerosene), a surfactant (SPAN 80), and a carrier (TOPO). 6 M NH3 solution has been used as stripping solution. In this work, the zinc plant copper cake (CINKUR Co., Turkey), leached with hydrochloric acid, was subjected to an initial separation process in order to eliminate some interfering metallic ions. After initial separation processes, ammonium thiocyanate and water were added to remaining leach solution. Thus, acidic thiocyanate leach solutions used in ELM process were obtained. Then, the important parameters governing the permeation of cobalt and their effect on the separation process have been studied. These parameters are membrane type and composition, mixing speed, pH and thiocyanate concentration of feed solution, surfactant and extractant concentrations, NH3 concentration of the stripping solution, phase and treatment ratios. The parameters mentioned were investigated and optimum conditions were determined. It is possible to selectively extract 99% of cobalt at the optimum conditions. The separation factors of cobalt with respect to nickel, based on initial feed concentration, have experimentally found to be of as high as 480 for about equimolar Co-Ni feed solutions. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Studies on extraction of chromium (VI) from acidic solutions containing various metal ions by emulsion liquid membrane using Alamine 336 as extractant

The extraction of chromium (VI) ions from acidic solutions containing various metal ions by emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) was studied. Liquid membrane consists of a diluent, a surfactant, and an extractant. 0.5 M ammonium carbonate solution was used as stripping solution. Effects of acid concentration in feed solution, type and concentration of stripping solution, mixing speed, surfactant concentration, phase ratio and the influence of membrane characteristics were studied and optimum conditions were determined. Under the optimum conditions, extraction of chromium (VI) was tested and it was possible to selectively extract 99% of chromium from the acidic feed solution. This study also examined the effect of extractant concentration and acid type in the feed solution on the extraction of Cr (VI) ions and almost all of Cr (VI) from the acidic feed solution containing 500 mg/L from each of Co (II), Ni (II), Cd (II), Zn (II), and Cu (II) ions, and 100-500 mg/L Cr (VI) was extracted within 5-10 min. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Extraction of cadmium from solutions containing various heavy metal ions by Amberlite LA-2

In present study, selective extraction of cadmium from acidic leach solutions, containing various heavy metal ions, by emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) is studied. For this reason, the zinc plant copper cake was leached with sulfuric acid and main acidic leach solution containing Zn(II), Cu(II), Fe(II), Cd(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) ions was obtained. After Zn(II), Cu(II), Fe(II) and Cd(II) ions in the acidic leach solution were separated, the important parameters influencing the extent of cadmium extraction were investigated and optimum conditions were determined. Cadmium extraction was influenced by number of parameters like initial metal ion concentration, mixing speed, phase ratio, extractant concentration, surfactant concentration, the stripping solution type and concentration, and the feed solution acid concentration. The optimum values of parameter above mentioned were used and cadmium in the acidic leach solution containing 650 mg Cd/L, 365 mg Co/L, 535 mg Ni/L, and 1260 mg Zn/L was almost completely extracted within 10 min. The results showed that it is possible to extract 99% of cadmium after 10 min contact time by using ELM from aqueous solutions, containing Fe(II), Al(III), Cu(II), Zn(II), Pb(II). Co(II) and Ni(II) ions, at the optimum operating conditions. (C) 2010 The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Selective extraction of cobalt from strong acidic solutions containing cobalt and nickel through emulsion liquid membrane using TIOA as carrier

The present investigation deals with carrier-facilitated membrane transport of cobalt from strong acidic leach solutions containing cobalt and nickel by emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) using triisooctylamine (TIOA) as carrier. In this work, the zinc plant copper cake was leached with hydrochloric acid solution and main acidic leach solution containing various ions was obtained. After various ions in the acidic leach solution were separated, optimum conditions were determined. The results showed that it is possible to extract 99% of cobalt using ELM from strong acidic leach solutions, containing cobalt and nickel ions, at the optimum conditions. (C) 2012 The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Selective extraction of chromium (VI) from multicomponent acidic solutions by emulsion liquid membranes using tributhylphosphate as carrier

The facilitated extraction of Cr(VI) through an emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) was investigated, using tributyl phosphate (TBP) as mobile carrier. The emulsion liquid membrane phase consists of kerosene as diluent, TBP as carrier, SPAN 80 as surfactant and (NH(4))(2)CO(3) solution as stripping phase. The extraction of chromium (VI) has been studied under various experimental conditions and have been determined the influences of surfactant concentration, extractant concentration, stripping solution base concentration, mixing speed, phase ratio, treatment ratio, chromium (VI) and HCl concentrations of the feed solution. It was observed that the extraction rate of Cr(VI) was affected by changes of surfactant concentration, extractant concentration, stripping solution base concentration, and mixing speed. The results obtained showed that by appropriate selection of the extraction and stability conditions, nearly all of chromium (VI) ions present in the feed solution were extracted within 2-4 min. The separation factors of chromium (VI) with respect to cobalt, nickel, copper, cadmium and zinc ions, based on initial feed concentration, have experimentally determined. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Selective Extraction of Cadmium from Multicomponent Acidic Leach Solutions by Emulsion Liquid Membrane using Amberlite LA-2 as Extractant

The zinc plant purification cake (CINKUR Co., Turkey) was leached with hydrochloric acid. The extraction and concentration of cadmium from this acidic leach solution by an emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) using secondary amine (Amberlite LA-2) as extractant has been studied. The effect of the fundamental parameters influencing the extraction process, for example, acid type and concentration of the acidic leach solution, base type and concentration of stripping solution, extractant and surfactant concentrations, mixing speed, phase ratio, and cadmium concentration of the acidic leach solution has been investigated and discussed. The selectivity and efficiency of the proposed method was evaluated. The results showed that it is possible to extract 99% of cadmium after contact time of 10min by the ELM from the acidic leach solution, containing Zn (II), Pb (II), Cu (II), Co (II), Ni (II), Fe (III), and Al (III) ions, at the optimum operating conditions