Inequivalent Leggett-Garg inequalities

It remains an open question how realist view of macroscopic world emerges from quantum formalism. For testing the macrorealism in quantum domain, an interesting approach was put forward by Leggett and Garg in $1985$, by formulating a suitable inequality valid for any macrorealistic theory. Recently, by following the Wigner idea of local realist inequality, a probabilistic version of standard Leggett-Garg inequalities have also been proposed. While the Wigner form of local realist inequalities are equivalent to the two-party, two-measurements and two outcomes CHSH inequalities, in this paper we provide a generic proof to demonstrate that the Wigner form of Leggett-Garg inequalities are not only inequivalent to the standard ones but also stronger than the later. This is demonstrated by quantifying the amount of disturbance caused by a prior measurement to the subsequent measurements. In this connection, the relation between LGIs and another formulation of macrorealism known as no-signaling in time is examined.Comment: Close to the published version. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1705.0993

States of Exceptionality::Provisional Disability, its Mitigation and Citizenship

Arts, Education & Law Group, School of LawNo Full Tex

Associations of C-reactive protein and psychological distress are modified by antidepressants, supporting an inflammatory depression subtype: Findings from UKHLS

Background Clinical evidence increasingly suggests inflammation may be important specifically for an etiologically distinct depression subtype, characterised by resistance to antidepressant medication. However, epidemiological investigations of the relationship of inflammation with depression and psychological distress have failed to acknowledge these developments, which may have resulted in bias or masking of associations driven by the subtype. This may have contributed to inconsistent results in epidemiological studies, and equivocal support for an inflammation-depression link. Methods An antidepressant-resistant, inflammatory depression subtype would result in stronger associations of depressive symptomatology with inflammation among antidepressant users than non-users, due to over-representation of subtype individuals among antidepressant users experiencing severe or persistent symptoms. We investigate, in a sample of 10,363 UK adults aged 16–98, modification by antidepressants of cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between C-reactive protein and psychological distress (General Health Questionnaire score, GHQ). We account for confounding by age, gender, income, inflammatory somatic illness, body mass index and, in longitudinal models, baseline psychological distress. Sensitivity analyses consider smoking, ethnicity, and other medications. Results Robust associations of log-CRP and GHQ were seen for antidepressant users but not for non-users in both cross-sectional (coeff: 0.54, p = 0.01 vs 0.06, p = 0.28) and longitudinal models (coeff: 0.57, p = 0.006 vs 0.04, p = 0.39 two waves post-baseline). Cross-sectional associations were strongest for tricyclic users, and longitudinal associations strongest for SSRI users. In multilevel, repeated-measures longitudinal models, associations for antidepressant users peaked two waves after baseline before declining. Conclusions Results suggest evidence for existence of an inflammatory depression subtype. Previous studies’ exclusion of antidepressant users and failure to consider interactive effects may have obscured associations driven by the subgroup. Follow-up work is now needed in community samples with clinical depression measures and prescription histories, to further elucidate the mechanisms involved

Study of genetic diversity in finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn) using RAPD markers

Germplasm identification and characterization is an important link between conservation and utilization of plant genetic resources. The present study was conducted to characterize the genetic diversity using twelve germplasm of finger millet including two of the same variety (VL-149) but from different regions. Three replica of each germplasm was amplified using seventeen random primers. A total of 113 distinct fragments ranging from 117 bp to 2621 bp were amplified. Of these, 70 (61.9%) were found to bepolymorphic. A fingerprint for GPU-28 was obtained. Another fingerprint for genotype VL-315 was generated where two primers (T10S6, T20S4) could distinguish it from other genotypes either by absence or presence of an allele, respectively. In addition to this, another interesting allele which wasabsent in genotypes of high altitudes (VL-324, VL-315, and VL-149) was discovered. The lowest and highest polymorphisms were obtained within individuals belonging to genotypes OUAT-2 and VL-324. Nei’s analysis revealed the highest similarity between OUAT-2 and JWM-1 and the highest distance between BM-1 and VL-315. OUAT-2 and JWM-1, both white seeded germplasms, showed maximum closeness. The study helped in identifying the germplasm in a quick and reproducible manner andstudying their relatedness