Validation of phytochemicals, antioxidant activity and characterization of green synthesized iron nanoparticles: A comparison

Research on green synthesis in nanotechnology is a forthcoming field in the modern material science area. Potentiality utilization of metal and semiconductor nanoparticles is an area of vast research that makes them a suitable candidate for expanding highly innovative technologies. This study evaluated the effect of the drying method for leaves of the plant, Azadirachta indica on phytochemicals characteristics of extracts, bioactivity attributes and characteristics of nanoparticles (NPs) accommodating varied keen compounds. Synthesis of iron (Fe) nanoparticles was done using the green bottom-up method, in which aqueous extract of A. indica leaves acted as an extremely promising reducing and stabilizing agent. Various characterization techniques such as EDX (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis), FESEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy), FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), UV-VIS spectroscopy, XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) crystallography, Zeta potential and sizer confirmed the fabrication of iron nanoparticles. The quantification results established that oven-dried leaves extract had a higher total phenolic content (108.23 mg GAE/g) and free radical scavenging capacity (250.165 mg GAE/g) than air-dried leaves extract. Characterization results endorsed that air-dried leaves extract acted as an advanced reducing agent that can swap the time consuming and perilous chemical synthesis of nanoparticles for a scalable formulation. The clear, intense XRD peaks revealed the crystalline nature of NPs, EDX results confirmed the purity of samples and finally, FT-IR analysis exhibited the presence of phytomolecules along with Fe NPs in final product obtained

What is India speaking: The "Hinglish" invasion

While language competition models of diachronic language shift are increasingly sophisticated, drawing on sociolinguistic components like variable language prestige, distance from language centers and intermediate bilingual transitionary populations, in one significant way they fall short. They fail to consider contact-based outcomes resulting in mixed language practices, e.g. outcome scenarios such as creoles or unmarked code switching as an emergent communicative norm. On these lines something very interesting is uncovered in India, where traditionally there have been monolingual Hindi speakers and Hindi/English bilinguals, but virtually no monolingual English speakers. While the Indian census data reports a sharp increase in the proportion of Hindi/English bilinguals, we argue that the number of Hindi/English bilinguals in India is inaccurate, given a new class of urban individuals speaking a mixed lect of Hindi and English, popularly known as "Hinglish". Based on predator-prey, sociolinguistic theories, salient local ecological factors and the rural-urban divide in India, we propose a new mathematical model of interacting monolingual Hindi speakers, Hindi/English bilinguals and Hinglish speakers. The model yields globally asymptotic stable states of coexistence, as well as bilingual extinction. To validate our model, sociolinguistic data from different Indian classes are contrasted with census reports: We see that purported urban Hindi/English bilinguals are unable to maintain fluent Hindi speech and instead produce Hinglish, whereas rural speakers evidence monolingual Hindi. Thus we present evidence for the first time where an unrecognized mixed lect involving English but not "English", has possibly taken over a sizeable faction of a large global population.Comment: This paper has been withdrawan as the model has now been modified and the existing model has some error

Evaluation of risk of malignancy index as a diagnostic tool in cases with adnexal mass

Background: Ovarian tumour usually presents as adnexal mass but often it is difficult to differentiate between benign and malignant tumour. Several diagnostic modalities such as sonography and tumours markers have been evaluated in the past, but none have been established as an ultimate diagnostic tool individually. The development of a mathematical formula using a logistic model, incorporating menopausal status, the serum level of a glycoprotein called CA-125 and USG score has been described in the form of different malignancy indices. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the various risks of malignancy indices (RMI 1, 2, 3, and 4) in the pre-operative evaluation of adnexal masses especially to differentiate between benign and malignant masses. Another objective of the present study was to compare the four RMI with each other in terms of various statistical parameters like specificity and sensitivity.Methods: Women with adnexal masses who underwent surgical treatment were included in this study as histopathological examination was taken as gold standard to calculate the accuracy of RMI. The sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value and negative predictive value of all the four RMI were calculated and data analyzed.Results: A total of 65 patients were included in the study. RMI 1,2,3,4 was calculated according to their formula. Sensitivity of RMI- 1, 2, 3 and 4 was calculated to be 63.63%, 77.27%, 63.63% and 77.27% respectively. Specificity of RMI- 1, 2, 3 and 4 was calculated to be 69.04%, 64.28%, 64.28% and 62.79% respectively.Conclusions: Risk of malignancy index is a good diagnostic tool to differentiate between benign and malignant pelvic masses. RMI- 2 and RMI-4 had maximum sensitivity while RMI-1 had maximum specificity. Overall RMI-2 appears to be the most accurate of all the four RMI

Exploring sexual dimorphism in canines of contemporary North Indian populations using machine learning algorithms

Objectives: Dentition is considered an excellent source for biological profiling in contemporary and archaeological populations with forensic anthropological, genetic, and dental perspectives. Dental dimorphism is well established and can be reflected in measurements and indices. The goal of this study is to use the discriminant function and receiver operating curve analysis to estimate sex and to make useful classification models for estimating sex based on the canine field of the mandibular and maxillary jaws. Materials and Methods: A total of six variables of the maxillary and mandibular canines (width of left and right canines and intercanine distances) were measured on 200 adult subjects of the contemporary Haryanvi population (M/F 100:100, 18–60 years) using digital sliding calipers and indices calculated. A discriminant function and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was applied on collected data using SPSS 21.0. Results: All variables were sexually dimorphic (p < 0.001). In stepwise analysis, maxillary intercanine distance provided an accuracy of 84%. In ROC analysis, maxillary intercanine distance emerged as an excellent variable with the maximum area under the curve (AUC) and the highest sexing accuracy (86.0%). Discussion: We proved the feasibility of employing machine learning to improve sex prediction. Probable causes of discrepancies in sex classification using different models are discussed. When applying models based on only canine teeth (without attachment to the tooth socket), forensic anthropologists and archaeologists should be more careful

Non-descent vaginal hysterectomy versus total abdominal hysterectomy in fibroid uterus: a comparative study in tertiary care hospital in Uttarakhand, India

Background: Hysterectomy comprises one of the most common elective surgeries in hysterectomy as the operative modality. The vaginal route of hysterectomy has been largely reserved for prolapsed uteri or non-descent cases with nearly normal size uteri. In the state of Uttarakhand, where specialized health services are difficult to access, abdominal route forms the prime choice for surgical treatment of fibroid uterus. A multitude of research data has suggested the superiority of vaginal over abdominal route. Despite this, there is a definite hesitation amongst gynecologists to resort to NDVH for fibroid uterus. This study was done with the objective to compare and analyze the outcome of abdominal vs. vaginal route for uterine fibroids.Methods: A retrospective study carried out for 80 patients admitted in one year duration with the diagnosis of fibroid uterus. These patients underwent either total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH) or (non-descent vaginal hysterectomy) NDVH depending upon patient discretion after thorough discussion with the operating doctor.Results: The results displayed vaginal route to be superior in terms of operative time, intra-operative blood loss and postoperative recovery.Conclusions: We concluded from this study that patients can be safely offered NDVH, thus minimizing the need for laparotomy for fibroid uterus

EVALUATION OF NON-ADHERENCE TO ANTITUBERCULAR DRUGS AMONG TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY

Objective: The objective of present study was to examine the non-adherence among tuberculosis patients to antitubercular drugs and the factors associated with non-adherence. Methods: Prospective observational study was conducted in department of pharmacology Government Medical College, Kathua in collaboration with the district tuberculosis centre, Kathua for a period of four months. TB Patients on treatment for last 8 w were included in the study. The pre validated questionnaire was provided to patients and their responses were analysed. Morisky’s Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-4) was used to assess adherence/non-adherence to antitubercular drugs. Results: Total 72 patients were included in trial and out of which 60(83.33%) were males and12 (16.66%) were females and the maximum were between 40-50y (38%) of age, mostly illiterate (50%) and from lower socioeconomic status (38%). Out of 60 male patients, 48(80%) showed adherence to anti-tuberculosis drugs, while remaining 12(20%) were non-adherent. Whereas 10females (83%) were adherent and 2 (16.66%) were non-adherent. Forgetfulness (42%), followed by illiteracy (21.4%) and longer distance from health institute (14%) were main reasons for non-adherence. Conclusion: Present study has shown non-adherence is maximum among males, illiterate, low socioeconomic group, longer distance from the health institution

Comparison between intravenous iron sucrose versus oral iron therapy in pregnant women with nutritional anemia: a prospective study

Background: In India, the prevalence of anemia during pregnancy may be as high as 80%. The objective of this study was determining the efficacy of intravenous iron sucrose and oral iron in nutritional anemic antenatal patients, presenting at Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.Methods: The study was carried out in the department of obstetrics and gynecology, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India single center study was performed on 400 antenatal patients with nutritional anemia gestational age 14 to 36 weeks. Patients were divided in two groups A and B. Group A was treated with intravenous iron sucrose and group B was treated with oral iron sulfate.Results: There was significant improvement in the various hematological parameters in IV sucrose group as compared to patients in oral iron group. There were no significant allergic reactions in IV sucrose group.Conclusions: This study has shown a significant improvement in the iron sucrose group. Iron sucrose is safe and well tolerated