Data Flow in Wireless Sensor Network Protocol Stack by using Bellman-Ford Routing Algorithm

Wireless sensor network consists various sensor nodes that are used to monitor any target area like forest fire detection by our army person and monitoring any industrial activity by industry manager. Wireless sensor networks have been deployed in several cities to monitor the concentration of dangerous gases for citizens. In wireless sensor network when sensor nodes communicate from each other then routing protocol are used for communication between protocol layers. Wireless sensor network protocol stack consist five layers such as Application layer, Transport layer, Network layer, MAC Layer, Physical layer. In this paper we study and analysis Bellman-Ford routing algorithm and check the flow of data between these protocol layers. For simulation purpose we are using Qualnet 5.0.2 simulator tool

New insights into molecular links between microbiota and gastrointestinal cancers:A literature review

Despite decades of exhaustive research on cancer, questions about cancer initiation, development, recurrence, and metastasis have still not been completely answered. One of the reasons is the plethora of factors acting simultaneously in a tumour microenvironment, of which not all have garnered attention. One such factor that has long remained understudied and has only recently received due attention is the host microbiota. Our sheer-sized microbiota exists in a state of symbiosis with the body and exerts significant impact on our body’s physiology, ranging from immune-system development and regulation to neurological and cognitive development. The presence of our microbiota is integral to our development, but a change in its composition (microbiota dysbiosis) can often lead to adverse effects, increasing the propensity of serious diseases like cancers. In the present review, we discuss environmental and genetic factors that cause changes in microbiota composition, disposing of the host towards cancer, and the molecular mechanisms (such as β-catenin signalling) and biochemical pathways (like the generation of oncogenic metabolites like N-nitrosamines and hydrogen sulphide) that the microbiota uses to initiate or accelerate cancers, with emphasis on gastrointestinal cancers. Moreover, we discuss how microbiota can adversely influence the success of colorectal-cancer chemotherapy, and its role in tumour metastasis. We also attempted to resolve conflicting results obtained for the butyrate effect on tumour suppression in the colon, often referred to as the ‘butyrate paradox’. In addition, we suggest the development of microbiota-based biomarkers for early cancer diagnosis, and a few target molecules of which the inhibition can increase the overall chances of cancer cure

Recent Advancements in the Technologies Detecting Food Spoiling Agents

To match the current life-style, there is a huge demand and market for the processed food whose manufacturing requires multiple steps. The mounting demand increases the pressure on the producers and the regulatory bodies to provide sensitive, facile, and cost-effective methods to safeguard consumers’ health. In the multistep process of food processing, there are several chances that the food-spoiling microbes or contaminants could enter the supply chain. In this contest, there is a dire necessity to comprehend, implement, and monitor the levels of contaminants by utilizing various available methods, such as single-cell droplet microfluidic system, DNA biosensor, nanobiosensor, smartphone-based biosensor, aptasensor, and DNA microarray-based methods. The current review focuses on the advancements in these methods for the detection of food-borne contaminants and pathogens

Role of Silver Nanoparticle-Doped 2-Aminodiphenylamine Polymeric Material in the Detection of Dopamine (DA) with Uric Acid Interference

A viable electrochemical approach for the detection of dopamine (DA) in uric acid (UA) utilizing a silver nanoparticle-doped 2-aminodiphenylamine (AgNPs-2ADPA) electrode was invented. The electrochemical performance of DA showed that the incorporated electrode displayed outstanding electrocatalytic performance to the electrochemical oxidation of DA. In our study, the AgNPs-2ADPA exhibits remarkable catalytic activity, retaining high current value and resilience when employed as a working electrode component for electrocatalytic detection of DA. We have also utilized the bare and polymeric-2ADPA in DA detection for a comparison study. This method offers a facile route with extraordinary sensitivity, selectivity, and strength for the voltammetric detection of DA, even in the presence of UA and ascorbic acid (AA) as interferents, that can be employed for pharmaceutical and biological specimens

Preliminary Parametric Investigations into Macro-Laser Polishing of Laser-Directed Energy Deposition of SS 304L Bulk Structures

The higher surface roughness of laser-directed energy deposition (LDED)-built components necessitates advanced and sustainable surface quality enhancement techniques like laser polishing. In the present work, a parametric study involving experimental investigation and numerical analysis is conducted to determine the effect of macro-laser polishing on LDED-built SS 304L structures. A thermophysical model is developed to simulate the effect of laser power and scan speed on the melt pool depth of the LDED-built samples. The simulated melt pool depth is compared with experimental results and is found to be in good agreement. Further, the correlation between the melt pool depth and surface behaviour is studied based on shallow surface melting and shallow over-melting mechanisms. A maximum reduction in surface roughness from 21.3 µm to 9 µm (~57%) is achieved with laser polishing, and process parameters’ effect on the surface roughness is investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) mapping, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) are used to further characterize the laser-polished surface. SEM-EDS analysis shows that the segregation is more evident in laser-polished samples, while the XRD results indicate the absence of phase change during the process. This study paves the way to a greater understanding of the effect of macro-laser polishing on LDED-built SS 304L structures

Covalent–Organic Framework-Based Materials in Theranostic Applications: Insights into Their Advantages and Challenges

Nanomedicine has been essential in bioimaging and cancer therapy in recent years. Nanoscale covalent–organic frameworks (COFs) have been growing as an adequate classification of biomedical nanomaterials with practical application prospects because of their increased porosity, functionality, and biocompatibility. The high sponginess of COFs enables the incorporation of distinct imaging and therapeutic mechanisms with a better loading efficiency. Nevertheless, preliminary biocompatibility limits their possibility for clinical translation. Thus, cutting-edge nanomaterials with high biocompatibility and improved therapeutic efficiency are highly expected to fast-track the clinical translation of nanomedicines. The inherent effects of nanoscale COFs, such as proper size, modular pore geometry and porosity, and specific postsynthetic transformation through simple organic changes, make them particularly appealing for prospective nanomedicines. The organic building blocks of COFs may also be postmodified for particular binding to biomarkers. The exceptional features of COFs cause them to be an encouraging nanocarrier for bioimaging and therapeutic applications. In this review, we have systematically discussed the advances of COFs in the field of theranostics by providing essential features of COFs along with their synthetic methods. Further, the applications of COFs in the field of theranostics (such as drug delivery systems, photothermal, and photodynamic therapy) are discussed in detail with the help of available literature to date. Furthermore, the advantages of COFs over other materials for therapeutics and drug delivery are discussed. Finally, the review concludes with potential future COF applications in the theranostic field

A study on relationship of facebook and game addictive behaviour with personality traits among medical students

Background: Use of social networking sites and playing internet games are more common web activities among adolescents. Students are more prone to internet abuse for several reasons- natural affinity towards internet, free and unlimited access, flexible schedules, and freedom from parental interference and psychological immaturity.  The aim was to study on relationship of facebook and game addictive behaviour with personality characteristics among medical students.Methods: This was a cross sectional observational study, carried out on 140 medical students. All the students were taken randomly. Assessment of sociodemographic details was done with the help of semi-structured performa, bergen facebook addiction scale, game addiction scale and big five inventory were used to see facebook and game addictive behavior and personality traits. Statistical analysis used for comparison of dichotomous variables chi-square test. Correlation and Linear regression was applied to see association. Data analysis was done with the help of statistical software SPSS 23. 0.Results: Mean score of facebook addiction scale among medical students was 39.94 (S.D. 13.133) and mean score of Game addiction scale was 11.19 (S.D. 04.966). It was found that agreeableness (β= -0.275, p=0.000) and extraversion (β = -0.368, p = 0.000) displayed significant associations with FB Total. While neuroticism (β=0.277, p=0.001) and agreeableness (β= -0.177, p=0.029) displayed significant associations with game addictive behavior.Conclusions: In our study we conclude that students with high agreeableness, high neuroticism and low extraversion were more related with Facebook and game addictive behavior. Extraversion was the most powerful predictor of Facebook addiction and neuroticism for gaming addiction.