A Survey on Topology based Reactive Routing Protocols in Vanets

VANETS comes under the shadow of MANETS. It provides a prominent approach to the intelligent transport system. In this paper, we have explained the different number of topology-based reactive routing protocols for the smart transport system. Vanets provides many applications with its infrastructure less topology like traffic information, vehicle safety etc. Designing a new and efficient routing protocol for all the applications of vanets is very difficult so we have compared all the protocols with a detailed analysis so that we may find the best among them after that we may improve the routing process by considering the different types of parameters. At first, we will discuss about the basics of vanets and its characteristics later we will discuss the categories of routing protocols and their comparative analysis

MODULATION AWARE CONNECTION ADMISSION CONTROL AND UPLINK SCHEDULING ALGORITHM FOR WIMAX NETWORKS

Mobile WiMAX standard defines air interface for mobile broadband wireless access (BWA) systems and aimed to provide high data rate with seamless mobility while maintaining the quality of service (QoS). However, QoS of real-time applications depends on the link quality, which necessitate the channel-aware connection admission control (CAC) and scheduling schemes. In this paper Modulation aware CAC scheme and base station (BS) uplink scheduling algorithm are proposed to improve the system capacity and QoS performance respectively. The proposed CAC scheme aims to increase the admission of higher priority real time services by degrading the bandwidth of admitted lower priority connections on the basis of their channel status without deteriorating their QoS performance much. The performances of proposed algorithms are evaluated through simulation by considering the metrics like throughput, delay and number of connections admitted

Performance Study of Adhoc on-Demand Link Quality Aware Route Search Protocol (AO-LQARSP)

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a network with few tens to thousands of small devices called sensor nodes which are connected wirelessly and involve in communicating the data. WSNs have generated tremendous interest among researchers in recent years because of its potential usage in wide variety of applications. The sensor nodes in WSNs have scarce power; they work in harsh and unattended environments which initiates the need for a better and more reliable routing path to send data. In this paper a routing protocol is proposed to select the route based on better signal strength conditions using Link Quality Indicator of the received signal for IEEE 802.15.4 standard. The performance of the proposed routing protocol is compared with standard reactive routing protocol Adhoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) with metrics like total packets received, throughput, total bytes received, average end-to-end delay and average jitter and total energy consumed for various node density scenarios

Unleashing Enhanced Compressive Strength: 3D Printed Octopus-Inspired Suction Cups Using Topological Engineering

Nature’s intricate designs and efficient functionality have evolved over millions of years to thrive in challenging environments while minimizing energy consumption and ecological impact. Inspired by nature’s strategies, the manufacturing industry and academic research strive to develop materials and designs that exhibit high strength. The octopus, a remarkable marine creature, exemplifies a complex and adaptive design. It has eight arms aligned with numerous tactile suction cups having a specialized geometry and cavity. This study employed fused deposition modeling (FDM) printers to model and fabricate octopus-inspired suction cups. We examined different aspect ratios and shapes of cavities, such as cuboids, cylinders, and octopus suction cup cavities, while maintaining similar outer geometry. The compressive test proved that the inside cavity plays a significant role in enhancing strength due to stress distribution and is represented as a robust biomimetic design. The finite element analysis (FEA) is also developed to corroborate the experimental findings. The statistical validation of the experimental results is achieved through a multilinear regression equation. Our findings demonstrate that the naturally evolved octopus structure exhibits superior compressive strength, enhanced energy absorption, and the ability to generate negative pressure, rendering it highly suitable for gripping, suction, and shock-absorption applications

Dynamics of Confined Water and its Interplay with Alkali Cations in Sodium Aluminosilicate Hydrate Gel: Insights from Reactive Force Field Molecular Dynamics

This paper presents the dynamics of confined water and its interplay with alkali cations in disordered sodium aluminosilicate hydrate (N-A-S-H) gel using reactive force field molecular dynamics. N-A-S-H gel is the primary binding phase in geopolymers formed via alkaline activation of fly ash. Despite attractive mechanical properties, geopolymers suffer from durability issues, particularly the alkali leaching problem which has motivated this study. Here, the dynamics of confined water and the mobility of alkali cations in N-A-S-H is evaluated by obtaining the evolution of mean squared displacements and Van Hove correlation function. To evaluate the influence of the composition of N-A-S-H on the water dynamics and diffusion of alkali cations, atomistic structures of N-A-S-H with Si/Al ratio ranging from 1 to 3 are constructed. It is observed that the diffusion of confined water and sodium is significantly influenced by the Si/Al ratio. The confined water molecules in N-A-S-H exhibit a multistage dynamic behavior where they can be classified as mobile and immobile water molecules. While the mobility of water molecules gets progressively restricted with an increase in Si/Al ratio, the diffusion coefficient of sodium also decreases as the Si/Al ratio increases. The diffusion coefficient of water molecules in the N-A-S-H structure exhibit a lower value than those of the calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) structure. This is mainly due to the random disordered structure of N-A-S-H as compared to the layered C-S-H structure. To further evaluate the influence of water content in N-A-S-H, atomistic structures of N-A-S-H with water contents ranging from 5-20% are constructed. Qn distribution of the structures indicates significant depolymerization of N-A-S-H structure with increasing water content. Increased conversion of Si–O–Na network to Si–O–H and Na–OH components with an increase in water content helps explain the alkali-leaching issue in fly ash-based geopolymers observed macroscopically. Overall, the results in this study can be used as a starting point towards multiscale simulation-based design and development of durable geopolymers

Realistic atomic structure of fly ash-based geopolymer gels: Insights from molecular dynamics simulations

Geopolymers, synthesized through alkaline activation of aluminosilicates, have emerged as a sustainable alternative for traditional ordinary Portland cement. In spite of the satisfactory mechanical performance and sustainability-related benefits, the large scale acceptance of geopolymers in the construction industry is still limited due to poor understanding of the composition-property relationships. Molecular simulation is a powerful tool to develop such relationships, provided that the adopted molecular structure represents the experimental data effectively. Toward this end, this paper presents a new molecular structure of sodium aluminosilicate hydrate geopolymer gels, inspired from the traditional calcium silicate hydrates gel. In contrast to the existing model—where water is uniformly distributed in the structure—we present a layered-but-disordered structure. This new structure incorporates water in the interlayer space of the aluminosilicate network. The structural features of the new proposed molecular structure are evaluated in terms of both short- and medium-range order features such as pair distribution functions, bond angle distributions, and structure factor. The structural features of the newly proposed molecular structure with interlayer water show better correlation with the experimental observations as compared to the existing traditional structure signifying an increased plausibility of the proposed structure. The proposed structure can be adopted as a starting point toward the realistic multiscale simulation-based design and development of geopolymers

Hybrid renewable energy microgrid for a residential community: A techno-economic and environmental perspective in the context of the SDG7

Energy, being a prime enabler in achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs), should be affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern. One of the SDGs (i.e., SDG7) suggests that it is necessary to ensure energy access for all. In developing countries like India, the progress toward SDG7 has somewhat stagnated. The aging conventional electric power system has its dominant share of energy from fossil fuels, plagued with frequent power outages, and leaves many un-electrified areas. These are not characteristics of a sustainable and modern system in the context of the SDG7. Promoting renewable-based energy systems, especially in the context of microgrids (MGs), is one of the promising advances needed to rejuvenate the progress toward the SDG7. In this context, a hybrid renewable energy microgrid (HREM) is proposed that gives assurance for energy access to all in an affordable, reliable, and sustainable way through modern energy systems. In this paper, a techno-economic and environmental modeling of the grid-independent HREM and its optimization for a remote community in South India are presented. A case of HREM with a proposed configuration of photovoltaic/wind turbine/diesel generator/battery energy storage system (PV/WT/DG/BESS) was modeled to meet the community residential electric load requirements. This investigation dealt with the optimum sizes of the different components used in the HREM. The results of this model presented numerous feasible solutions. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to identify the best solution from the four optimized results. From the results, it was established that a PV + DG + BESS based HREM was the most cost-effective configuration for the specific location. In addition, the obtained optimum solutions were mapped with the key criteria of the SDG7. This mapping also suggested that the PV + DG + BESS configuration falls within the context of the SDG7. Overall, it is understood that the proposed HREM would provide energy access to households that is affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern

Immediate Early and Early Lytic Cycle Proteins Are Frequent Targets of the Epstein-Barr Virus–induced Cytotoxic T Cell Response

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a human γ-herpesvirus, can establish both nonproductive (latent) and productive (lytic) infections. Although the CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to latently infected cells is well characterized, very little is known about T cell controls over lytic infection; this imbalance in our understanding belies the importance of virus-replicative lesions in several aspects of EBV disease pathogenesis. The present work shows that the primary CD8+ CTL response to EBV in infectious mononucleosis patients contains multiple lytic antigen-specific reactivities at levels at least as high as those seen against latent antigens; similar reactivities are also detectable in CTL memory. Clonal analysis revealed individual responses to the two immediate early proteins BZLF1 and BRLF1, and to three (BMLF1, BMRF1, and BALF2) of the six early proteins tested. In several cases, the peptide epitope and HLA-restricting determinant recognized by these CTLs has been defined, one unusual feature being the number of responses restricted through HLA-C alleles. The work strongly suggests that EBVreplicative lesions are subject to direct CTL control in vivo and that immediate early and early proteins are frequently the immunodominant targets. This contrasts with findings in α- and β-herpesvirus systems (herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus) where viral interference with the antigen-processing pathway during lytic infection renders immediate early and early proteins much less immunogenic. The unique capacity of γ-herpesvirus to amplify the viral load in vivo through a latent growth-transforming infection may have rendered these agents less dependent upon viral replication as a means of successfully colonizing their hosts

Equivalent birational embeddings II: divisors

Two divisors in $\P^n$ are said to be Cremona equivalent if there is a Cremona modification sending one to the other. We produce infinitely many non equivalent divisorial embeddings of any variety of dimension at most 14. Then we study the special case of plane curves and rational hypersurfaces. For the latter we characterise surfaces Cremona equivalent to a plane.Comment: v2 Exposition improved, thanks to referee, unconditional characterization of surfaces Cremona equivalent to a plan