Convergence of an adaptive mixed finite element method for general second order linear elliptic problems

The convergence of an adaptive mixed finite element method for general second order linear elliptic problems defined on simply connected bounded polygonal domains is analyzed in this paper. The main difficulties in the analysis are posed by the non-symmetric and indefinite form of the problem along with the lack of the orthogonality property in mixed finite element methods. The important tools in the analysis are a posteriori error estimators, quasi-orthogonality property and quasi-discrete reliability established using representation formula for the lowest-order Raviart-Thomas solution in terms of the Crouzeix-Raviart solution of the problem. An adaptive marking in each step for the local refinement is based on the edge residual and volume residual terms of the a posteriori estimator. Numerical experiments confirm the theoretical analysis.Comment: 24 pages, 8 figure

Unmasking Deepfakes: A Comprehensive Review of Deep Learning-Based Detection Methods

Deepfakes, a term combining "deep learning" and "fake," refer to synthetic media where a person's likeness in an image or video is replaced with someone else's. These manipulations present significant ethical, privacy, and security challenges. This comprehensive review explores various deep learning-based methods used to detect deepfakes, highlighting their evolution, strengths, and limitations. We delve into the application of convolutional neural networks (CNNs), recurrent neural networks (RNNs), autoencoders, and capsule networks (CapsNets) in detecting these forgeries. Key evaluation metrics, notable datasets, and persistent challenges in the field are discussed. The review concludes by identifying future directions in deepfake detection, emphasizing the need for robustness, real-time capabilities, and model explainability to effectively combat the rise of deepfakes

A brief study on Neem (Azarrdirachta indica a.) and its application-A review

Neem, Azadirachta indica A. is a tree, which has a wide application in animal kingdom. Azadirachta indica is fast growing evergreen popular tree found commonly in India, Africa and America. In the application of Neem, Neem used as Fertilizer, Manure, urea coating agent, fumigant, pesticide, Soil Conditioner and Neem pest control is very beneficial for proper crop and pest management. This review is mainly focused on application of neen

Liposomes: A targeted drug delivery system- A review

Liposomes are a novel drug delivery system (NDDS), which are vesicular structures consisting of hydrated bilalyers which form spontaneously whenphospholipids are dispersed in water. They are simple microscopic vesicles in which an aqueous volume is entirely enclosed by a membrane composed of lipid bilayers. Novel drug delivery system aims to deliver the drug at a rate directed by the needs of the body during the period of treatment, and channel the active entity to the siteof action. It has been a study interest in the development of a NDDS. Liposomes are colloidal spheres of cholesterol non-toxic surfactants, sphingolipids, glycolipids, long chain fatty acids and even membrane proteins and drug molecules or it is also called vesicular system. It is differ in size, composition and charge. It is a drug carrier loaded with great variety of molecules such as small drug molecules, proteins, nucleotides and even plasmids. Few drugs are also formulated as liposomes to improve their therapeutic index. Consequently a number of vesicular drug delivery systems such as liposomes, niosomes, transfersomes, and pharmacosomes were developed. The focus of this review is to the various method of preparation, characterization of liposomes, advantages and applications etc

Interaction of silicon with cell wall components in plants: A review

Silicon (Si) is the utmost element of the earth's crust involved in various plant processes. Despite being a non-essential element of the plant, its role in plant tolerance is appreciable. The interaction of Si with the plant cell wall provides structural and mechanical strength to the plants. This review article discusses the different forms of silica (simple to complex), the nature of Si, and its interaction with plant cell wall components after being taken up by plants. Ligands of plant cell wall like hemicellulose, pectin, lignin, cellulose, callose, and mixed-linked glucans (MLG) are the possible linker, which helps the Si in crosslinking with the plant cell wall. This review also incorporates the interrelation of Si with different cell wall components, the role of Si-cell wall complexes in different stress alleviation, and enhancing stress resistance in plants. Accumulation of Si after crosslinking with the cell wall provides rigidity and stability to the plant wall and enhances mechanical strength. Many studies have been conducted on the Si role in different stress alleviation, but little knowledge is available on how plants react when Si is taken up, how Si interacts with the plant cells, how Si accumulation is enhanced by the plant itself, how the possible ligands help Si in bonding with the cell wall. This study helps to understand the relationship of cell wall components with Si and to think about the precise bonding patterns between them

Design of Power Efficient and High Slew Rate Class AB OPAMP

The paper deals with aim to design an OPAMP of Class AB to achieve high power efficiency and slew rate. To have high slew rate the focus of the proposed work as high slew rate contributes to the fast and dynamic output response. Power efficiency is driving factor from MOORE’S law. A Push pull OPAMP with current replicating branch is used to achieve symmetrical wave with high slew rate. Adaptive biasing is another technique employed to increase the slew rate. According to the Moore’s law, increase in power takes place in adaptive biasing due to increase in transistors, but the proposed circuit is best tradeoff between slew rate and power efficient factors. The existing work could only increase the slew rate by 4 to 5 times, but our proposed work increases it even further compared to the existing work, at the same time it results in decrease of power. In this work we are combining two techniques, namely adaptive biasing and current replicating branch which combine to result in better slew rate without increase in power. The proposed work is implemented with Cadence Virtuoso tool

Cavernous haemangioma of male breast

We report a rare case of a cavernous hemangioma arising in a male breast. A 53 year old man first noticed 1×1 cm nodule just below his left nipple since 2 years. It was enlarging over a period to the present size. He came to our hospital, it was size of (2×1 cm), was a firm and cystic with a rather smooth surface, and mobile with in breast just medial to left nipple. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNA) failed to obtain proper material except for old bloody fluid or necrotic connective tissue, precluding a correct diagnosis preoperatively suggesting cystic lesion with bloody aspirate. Lumpectomy or excision biopsy was subsequently performed. Histological, it was found to be a cavernous hemangioma. In such a case, complete excision is recommended to exclude the possibility of an underlying malignant lesion