An Inverse Approximation and Saturation Order for Kantorovich Exponential Sampling Series

In the present article, an inverse approximation result and saturation order for the Kantorovich exponential sampling series $I_{w}^{\chi}$ are established. First we obtain a relation between the generalized exponential sampling series $S_{w}^{\chi}$ and $I_{w}^{\chi}$ for the space of all uniformly continuous and bounded functions on $\mathbb{R}^{+}.$ Next, a Voronovskaya type theorem for the sampling series $S_{w}^{\chi}$ is proved. The saturation order for the series $I_{w}^{\chi}$ is obtained using the Voronovskaya type theorem. Further, an inverse result for $I_{w}^{\chi}$ is established for the class of log-H\"{o}lderian functions. Moreover, some examples of kernels satisfying the conditions, which are assumed in the hypotheses of the theorems, are discussed

Investigation on physical and mechanical behaviour of A356 - x wt. % SiC/Gr hybrid composites

The experiments were planned to fabricate an A356 as a matrix material with 3, 6, 9, 12 wt. % of SiC and 3 wt. % of Gr as reinforcements to cast the hybrid composites at optimal process variable conditions using squeeze casting technique. Further T6 heat treated casted samples are prepared for testing as per standard procedure to record the responses like density, porosity, hardness, ultimate tensile strength, and percentage elongation respectively. There is a gradual increment in density because of adding an optimal level of up to 9 wt. % of SiC and 3 wt. % of Gr strengthening particles available in the A356 matrix and the porosity present in the sample diminishes, which in turn increases the hardness

Analysis of fixed dose combinations of expectorants, antitussives, decongestants, antihistamines and mucolytics available in the Indian market for rationality and cost variation

Background: Aim of the current study was to analyze the FDCs of expectorants, antitussives, decongestants, antihistamines and mucolytics available in the Indian market for their rationality, cost, and dosage forms. Methods: FDCs involving expectorants, antitussives, decongestants, antihistamines and mucolytics listed on Drug Today and Jan Aushadhi online portal were analysed for rationality according to the list of banned FDCs by CDSCO published on 01 Jan 2018. The FDCs with EADAM available in Jan Aushadhi online portal are compared with cost of different brands with same composition, strength and dosage form available in the Indian market as per the latest drug today. The cost ratio and percentage cost variation were calculated for each FDC. Results: Out of total 340 oral formulations, 268 were liquid and 72 were solid formulations. 228 were Syrups, 67 were Tablets, 23 were Drops, 17 were Suspension and 5 were Capsules. Out of 47 banned FDCs, branded FDC with Ammonium chloride 50mg, Bromhexine 4mg, Dextromethorphan 5mg and Menthol in syrup form was still available for over-the-counter purchase and for online purchase with prescription. Percentage cost variation between branded and generic FDCs ranged from 99% for Terbutaline 2.5 mg and Bromhexine 8 mg to 1081% for Terbutaline 1.25 mg, Bromhexine 4mg, Guaiphenesin 50 mg and Menthol 2.5 mg. Conclusions: One among 47 Banned FDCs was available at both online apps and drug stores. These irrational FDCs can be risk to human lives. The drug authorities need to tune the price of these FDCs as there is a huge percentage cost variation between generic and branded products

A prospective study comparing postoperative spirometry after laparoscopic cholecystectomy and laparoscopic appendicectomy surgeries

BACKGROUND: Patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were found to have significant post-operative pulmonary dysfunction compared with lower abdominal procedures like laparoscopic appendicectomy. This study aims to measure the extent of decrease in lung volumes and capacities by spirometry. Importance of site of surgery is determined by maintaining other parameters like anaesthesia, analgesia similar in both the groups. METHODS: Two groups were formed with 20 patients each for lap-cholecystectomy and lap-appendicectomy with comparable profile. Pre-operative spirometry done for all of them and baseline values recorded. Post-operatively spirometry was done twice 6 hrs and 24 hrs following surgery. All surgeries were done under general anaesthesia. Adequate pain relief was given to attain a VAS score of less than 40. Spirometry values were compared and analysed for statistical significance. RESULTS: Reduction in FVC, FEV1, PEFR was found to be more in cholecystectomy group during initial post-operative period and did not return to pre-op levels by 24 hrs. Where as in appendicectomy group though there was a reduction in lung volumes during initial post-operative period FVC, FEV1, PEFR values returned almost to the pre-operative levels. CONCLUSION: Anatomical site of surgery is a more important factor determining postoperative lung dysfunction than patient position, pain, anesthesia related factors