17 research outputs found
Comparison of an in-house real-time duplex PCR assay with commercial HOLOGIC® APTIMA assays for the detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis in urine and extra-genital specimens
Abstract
Background
Extra-genital Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infections are mostly asymptomatic, and important reservoir sites of infection as they often go undetected and may be more difficult to eradicate with recommended therapeutic regimens. Commercial nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) have not received regulatory approval for the detection of N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis in extra-genital specimens. The HOLOGIC® APTIMA Combo2 assay for N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis has performed well in evaluations using extra-genital specimens.
Methods
We assessed the performance of an in-house real-time duplex PCR assay for the detection of N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis in urine and extra-genital specimens using the HOLOGIC® APTIMA assays as gold standard comparators. Urine, oropharyngeal and ano-rectal specimens were collected from each of 200 men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM) between December 2011 and July 2012.
Results
For N. gonorrhoeae detection, the in-house PCR assay showed 98.5–100% correlation agreement with the APTIMA assays, depending on specimen type. Sensitivity for N. gonorrhoeae detection was 82.4% for ano-rectal specimens, 83.3% for oropharyngeal specimens, and 85.7% for urine; and specificity was 100% with all specimen types. The positive predictive value (PPV) for N. gonorrhoeae detection was 100% and the negative predictive value (NPV) varied with sample type, ranging from 98.5–99.5%. For C. trachomatis detection, correlation between the assays was 100% for all specimen types. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of the in-house PCR assay was 100% for C. trachomatis detection, irrespective of specimen type.
Conclusion
The in-house duplex real-time PCR assay showed acceptable performance characteristics in comparison with the APTIMA® assays for the detection of extra-genital N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis
Southern African HIV Clinicians Society 2022 guideline for the management of sexually transmitted infections : moving towards best practice
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are among the most
common acute conditions worldwide with sub-Saharan
Africa ranking among the regions with the highest burdens
globally. Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW),
people living with HIV (PLHIV), pregnant women, and
key and vulnerable populations are disproportionally
affected by STIs. The social determinants of health, gender
inequality, and STI-associated stigma and discrimination
(at both the community and facility level) are important
contributors to the sustained high burden of infection.http://www.sajhivmed.org.za/index.php/hivmeddm2022Medical Microbiolog
Macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance-associated mutations in Mycoplasma genitalium in Johannesburg, South Africa, 2007–2014
Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistance in Mycoplasma genitalium is rising globally with resultant clinical treatment failure. We investigated the prevalence of mutations in the macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance-determining regions of M. genitalium in Johannesburg, South Africa, and ascertained their association with HIV serostatus. Methods Stored M. genitalium positive specimens, collected from STI and HIV patients enrolled in the Gauteng STI National Microbiological Surveillance programme (2007–2014) and a large HIV outpatient clinic-based study (2007) in Johannesburg, were tested for antimicrobial resistance. Results We determined the prevalence of 23S rRNA gene mutations conferring macrolide resistance and mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDR) of the gyrA and parC genes in 266 M. genitalium positive DNA extracts. No macrolide resistance-associated mutations were detected in any of the specimens analysed. QRDR mutations with known M. genitalium-associated fluoroquinolone resistance were not detected in gyrA, however, one specimen (0.4%) contained a D87Y amino acid alteration in parC, which has been linked to fluoroquinolone treatment failure. The most common parC amino acid change detected, of unknown clinical significance, was P62S (18.8%). We found no significant association between QRDR mutations in M. genitalium and HIV-infection. Conclusions Ongoing antimicrobial resistance surveillance in M. genitalium is essential, as macrolide resistance may emerge given the recent incorporation of azithromycin into the 2015 South African national STI syndromic management guidelines
Microbial aetiology of GUD at a community healthcare centre in Johannesburg, 2007–2015.
<p>Microbial aetiology of GUD at a community healthcare centre in Johannesburg, 2007–2015.</p
Adult gonorrhea, chlamydia and syphilis prevalence, incidence, treatment and syndromic case reporting in South Africa : estimates using the Spectrum-STI model, 1990-2017
OBJECTIVES : To estimate trends in prevalence and incidence of syphilis, gonorrhea and chlamydia in
adult men and women in South Africa.
METHODS : The Spectrum-STI tool estimated trends in prevalence and incidence of active syphilis, gonorrhea
and chlamydia, fitting South African prevalence data. Results were used, alongside
programmatic surveillance data, to estimate trends in incident gonorrhea cases resistant to
first-line treatment, and the reporting gap of symptomatic male gonorrhea and chlamydia
cases treated but not reported as cases of urethritis syndrome.
RESULTS : In 2017 adult (15–49 years) the estimated female and male prevalences for syphilis were
0.50% (95% CI: 0.32–0.80%) and 0.97% (0.19–2.28%), for gonorrhea 6.6% (3.8–10.8%)
and 3.5% (1.7–6.1%), and for chlamydia 14.7% (9.9–21%) and 6.0% (3.8–10.4%), respectively.
Between 1990 and 2017 the estimated prevalence of syphilis declined steadily in
women and men, probably in part reflecting improved treatment coverage. For gonorrhea
and chlamydia, estimated prevalence and incidence showed no consistent time trend in
either women or men. Despite growing annual numbers of gonorrhea cases − reflecting population growth − the estimated number of first line treatment-resistant gonorrhea cases
did not increase between 2008 and 2017, owing to changes in first-line antimicrobial treatment
regimens for gonorrhea in 2008 and 2014/5. Case reporting completeness among
treated male urethritis syndrome episodes was estimated at 10–28% in 2017.
CONCLUSION : South Africa continues to suffer a high STI burden. Improvements in access and quality of
maternal, STI and HIV health care services likely contributed to the decline in syphilis prevalence.
The lack of any decline in gonorrhea and chlamydia prevalence highlights the need to
enhance STI services beyond clinic-based syndromic case management, to reinvigorate
primary STI and HIV prevention and, especially for women, to screen for asymptomatic
infections.S1 File. Prevalence data and biomedical assumptions. Including:
A Table. Syphilis prevalence data from surveys, studies and routine ANC-based program screening, used in the Spectrum-STI estimation of adult syphilis prevalence in South Africa
With references: [7, 8, 19, 46, 50, 70–97].
B Table. Spectrum assumptions on proportion of episodes symptomatic, proportions of symptomatic
episodes treated, episode durations for treated and untreated episodes, and the resulting
treatment coverage-weighted average episode durations. With references: [10, 19, 38].
C Table. Gonorrhea and chlamydia prevalence data used, and adjustments for diagnostic test
performance and missing high-risk populations, and for chlamydia for age, in the Spectrum-
STI prevalence trend estimation for 15–49 year-old adults, South Africa. With references: [32,
46, 50, 51, 72, 77, 80, 81, 86, 91–93, 95, 98–116].S2 File. Reported STI cases, and STI prevalences among women with Vaginal Discharge
Syndrome, South Africa.The World
Health Organization, Department of Reproductive
Health and Researchhttp://www.plosone.orgam2019Medical Microbiolog
Number of <i>T</i>. <i>pallidum</i> PCR positive and negative genital ulcers, with the prevalence trend for PCR-confirmed syphilitic ulcers (red line), 2007–2015 (n = 771).
<p>Number of <i>T</i>. <i>pallidum</i> PCR positive and negative genital ulcers, with the prevalence trend for PCR-confirmed syphilitic ulcers (red line), 2007–2015 (n = 771).</p
Trends in HSV and HIV prevalence in GUD, Johannesburg 2007–2015 (n = 771).
<p>Trends in HSV and HIV prevalence in GUD, Johannesburg 2007–2015 (n = 771).</p
Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients presenting with GUD to a community healthcare centre in Johannesburg, 2007–2015.
<p>Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients presenting with GUD to a community healthcare centre in Johannesburg, 2007–2015.</p
Number and proportion of participants enrolled by year.
<p>Number and proportion of participants enrolled by year.</p