Harvesting large scale entanglement in de Sitter space with multiple detectors

We consider entanglement harvesting in de Sitter space using a model of multiple qubit detectors. We obtain the formula of the entanglement negativity for this system. Applying the obtained formula, we find that it is possible to access to the entanglement on the super horizon scale if sufficiently large number of detectors are prepared. This result indicates the effect of the multipartite entanglement is crucial for detection of large scale entanglement in de Sitter space.Comment: 18 pages, accepted version in Entrop

Exploring How Soka University Students Define Global Citizenship

The promotion of so-called “global citizenship” has become an integral part of higher education. However, at the same time, how each institution defines and implements the notion within their institution has largely varied. According to UNESCO (2014), there are broadly two conceptions as to the purpose of global citizenship education, which they refer to as (1) global competition, and (2) global solidarity. Those who promote global competition focus more on equipping students with the skills necessary to be marketable and successful within the global community, while those who promote global solidarity focus more on fostering students to gain a global consciousness to contribute to the wider world. Although both conceptions connect students to the global, the ways in which students perceive the role of a global citizen could differ—i.e., one which focuses more on the self and the other focusing more on others, respectively. The paper examines how undergraduate students at Soka University, Japan, perceive global citizenship in relation to these two conceptions of global citizenship. Students (N=74) responded to an online survey between September and November 2021. The results from the survey show that the majority of student respondents align more with the global solidarity conception of global citizenship, especially highlighting the importance of cultivating human relationships. Possible accounts for students’ preferences of the global solidarity conception of global citizenship are explored.departmental bulletin pape

Development and On‐Orbit Demonstration of Lithium‐Ion Capacitor‐Based Power System for Small Spacecraft

Lithium‐ion capacitors (LICs) offer higher energy density and specific energy than do traditional electric double‐layer capacitors (EDLCs). In spacecraft power systems where traditional lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have been used with shallow depth of discharge (DoD) in order to achieve long‐cycle life, LICs would potentially be an alternative to secondary batteries. Firstly, this chapter presents the quantitative comparison between the LIB‐ and LIC‐based spacecraft power system from the viewpoint of system mass. On the basis of the potential suggested by the comparison, we have been developing the technology demonstration platform named “NESSIE” that contains the LIC pouch cell as one of its major demonstration missions. NESSIE was successfully launched with the main satellite HISAKI on September 2013. This chapter also presents the development of the LIC pouch cell for NESSIE and its experimental (or ground test) and on‐orbit operation data

Infection of RANKL-Primed RAW-D Macrophages with Porphyromonas gingivalis Promotes Osteoclastogenesis in a TNF-α-Independent Manner

Infection of macrophages with bacteria induces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α. TNF-α directly stimulates osteoclast differentiation from bone marrow macrophages in vitro as well as indirectly via osteoblasts. Recently, it was reported that bacterial components such as LPS inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in early stages, but promoted osteoclast differentiation in late stages. However, the contribution to osteoclast differentiation of TNF-α produced by infected macrophages remains unclear. We show here that Porphyromonas gingivalis, one of the major pathogens in periodontitis, directly promotes osteoclastogenesis from RANKL-primed RAW-D (subclone of RAW264) mouse macrophages, and we show that TNF-α is not involved in the stimulatory effect on osteoclastogenesis. P. gingivalis infection of RANKL-primed RAW-D macrophages markedly stimulated osteoclastogenesis in a RANKL-independent manner. In the presence of the TLR4 inhibitor, polymyxin B, infection of RANKL-primed RAW-D cells with P. gingivalis also induced osteoclastogenesis, indicating that TLR4 is not involved. Infection of RAW-D cells with P. gingivalis stimulated the production of TNF-α, whereas the production of TNF-α by similarly infected RANKL-primed RAW-D cells was markedly down-regulated. In addition, infection of RANKL-primed macrophages with P. gingivalis induced osteoclastogenesis in the presence of neutralizing antibody against TNF-α. Inhibitors of NFATc1 and p38MAPK, but not of NF-κB signaling, significantly suppressed P. gingivalis-induced osteoclastogenesis from RANKL-primed macrophages. Moreover, re-treatment of RANKL-primed macrophages with RANKL stimulated osteoclastogenesis in the presence or absence of P. gingivalis infection, whereas re-treatment of RANKL-primed macrophages with TNF-α did not enhance osteoclastogenesis in the presence of live P. gingivalis. Thus, P. gingivalis infection of RANKL-primed macrophages promoted osteoclastogenesis in a TNF-α independent manner, and RANKL but not TNF-α was effective in inducing osteoclastogenesis from RANKL-primed RAW-D cells in the presence of P. gingivalis