940 research outputs found
Harvesting large scale entanglement in de Sitter space with multiple detectors
We consider entanglement harvesting in de Sitter space using a model of
multiple qubit detectors. We obtain the formula of the entanglement negativity
for this system. Applying the obtained formula, we find that it is possible to
access to the entanglement on the super horizon scale if sufficiently large
number of detectors are prepared. This result indicates the effect of the
multipartite entanglement is crucial for detection of large scale entanglement
in de Sitter space.Comment: 18 pages, accepted version in Entrop
Recommended from our members
Margery Kempe's mystical marriage and Roman sojourn: influence of St Bridget of Sweden
Infection of RANKL-Primed RAW-D Macrophages with Porphyromonas gingivalis Promotes Osteoclastogenesis in a TNF-α-Independent Manner
Infection of macrophages with bacteria induces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α. TNF-α directly stimulates osteoclast differentiation from bone marrow macrophages in vitro as well as indirectly via osteoblasts. Recently, it was reported that bacterial components such as LPS inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in early stages, but promoted osteoclast differentiation in late stages. However, the contribution to osteoclast differentiation of TNF-α produced by infected macrophages remains unclear. We show here that Porphyromonas gingivalis, one of the major pathogens in periodontitis, directly promotes osteoclastogenesis from RANKL-primed RAW-D (subclone of RAW264) mouse macrophages, and we show that TNF-α is not involved in the stimulatory effect on osteoclastogenesis. P. gingivalis infection of RANKL-primed RAW-D macrophages markedly stimulated osteoclastogenesis in a RANKL-independent manner. In the presence of the TLR4 inhibitor, polymyxin B, infection of RANKL-primed RAW-D cells with P. gingivalis also induced osteoclastogenesis, indicating that TLR4 is not involved. Infection of RAW-D cells with P. gingivalis stimulated the production of TNF-α, whereas the production of TNF-α by similarly infected RANKL-primed RAW-D cells was markedly down-regulated. In addition, infection of RANKL-primed macrophages with P. gingivalis induced osteoclastogenesis in the presence of neutralizing antibody against TNF-α. Inhibitors of NFATc1 and p38MAPK, but not of NF-ÎșB signaling, significantly suppressed P. gingivalis-induced osteoclastogenesis from RANKL-primed macrophages. Moreover, re-treatment of RANKL-primed macrophages with RANKL stimulated osteoclastogenesis in the presence or absence of P. gingivalis infection, whereas re-treatment of RANKL-primed macrophages with TNF-α did not enhance osteoclastogenesis in the presence of live P. gingivalis. Thus, P. gingivalis infection of RANKL-primed macrophages promoted osteoclastogenesis in a TNF-α independent manner, and RANKL but not TNF-α was effective in inducing osteoclastogenesis from RANKL-primed RAW-D cells in the presence of P. gingivalis
Development and OnâOrbit Demonstration of LithiumâIon CapacitorâBased Power System for Small Spacecraft
Lithiumâion capacitors (LICs) offer higher energy density and specific energy than do traditional electric doubleâlayer capacitors (EDLCs). In spacecraft power systems where traditional lithiumâion batteries (LIBs) have been used with shallow depth of discharge (DoD) in order to achieve longâcycle life, LICs would potentially be an alternative to secondary batteries. Firstly, this chapter presents the quantitative comparison between the LIBâ and LICâbased spacecraft power system from the viewpoint of system mass. On the basis of the potential suggested by the comparison, we have been developing the technology demonstration platform named âNESSIEâ that contains the LIC pouch cell as one of its major demonstration missions. NESSIE was successfully launched with the main satellite HISAKI on September 2013. This chapter also presents the development of the LIC pouch cell for NESSIE and its experimental (or ground test) and onâorbit operation data
Cells Containing Langerhans Granules in Human Lymph Nodes of Dermatopathic Lymphadenopathy**From the Department of Dermatology, Sapporo Medical College, Sapporo, Japan
Cells containing Langerhans granules are found in human lymph nodes of dermato-pathic lymphadenopathy. The ultrastructural characteristics of these cells are identical to the epidermal Langerhans cells of the same patients. The possible development of Langerhans cells from mesenchymal tissues is discussed
- âŠ