Transcriptional Responses of Creeping Bentgrass to 2,3-Butanediol, a Bacterial Volatile Compound (BVC) Analogue

Bacterial volatile compounds (BVCs) have been reported to enhance plant growth and elicit plant defenses against fungal infection and insect damage. The objective of this study was to determine transcriptomic changes in response to synthetic BVC that could be associated with plant resistance to Rhizoctonia solani in creeping bentgrass. The 2,3-butanediol (BD) (250 µM) was sprayed on creeping bentgrass leaves grown in jam jars. The result showed that synthetic BD induced plant defense against R. solani for creeping bentgrass. Transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that more genes were repressed by BD while less showed up-regulation. BD suppressed the expression of some regular stress-related genes in creeping bentgrass, such as pheromone activity, calcium channel activity, photosystem II oxygen evolving complex, and hydrolase activity, while up-regulated defense related transcription factors (TFs), such as basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) TFs, cysteine2-cysteine2-contans-like (C2C2-CO) and no apical meristem TFs (NAC). Other genes related to disease resistance, such as jasmonic acid (JA) signaling, leucine rich repeats (LRR)-transmembrane protein kinase, pathogen-related (PR) gene 5 receptor kinase and nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeats (NBS-LRR) domain containing plant resistance gene (R-gene) were also significantly up-regulated. These results suggest that BD may induce changes to the plant transcriptome in induced systemic resistance (ISR) pathways

24-epibrassinolide improves cadmium tolerance and lateral root growth associated with regulating endogenous auxin and ethylene in Kentucky bluegrass

The application of phytohormones is a viable technique to increase the efficiency of phytoremediation in heavy metal-contaminated soils. The objective of this study was to determine how the application of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR), a brassinosteroid analog, could regulate root growth and tolerance to cadmium (Cd) stress in Kentucky bluegrass. As a result, the number of lateral root primordia and total root length in the Cd-treated seedlings decreased by 33.1 % and 56.5 %, respectively. After the application of EBR, Cd accumulation in roots and leaves, and the negative effect of Cd on root growth were reduced under Cd stress. Additionally, the expression of the brassinosteroid signaling gene PpBRI1 was significantly upregulated by exogenous EBR. Moreover, exogenous EBR upregulated the expression of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes and improved the activity of antioxidant enzymes, thereby reduced oxidative stress in roots. Finally, targeted hormonomics analysis highlighted the utility of the application of EBR to alleviate the effect of Cd on the reduction in auxin (IAA) content and the increase in ethylene (ACC) content. These were known to be associated with the upregulation in the expression of auxin biosynthesis gene PpYUCCA1 and downregulation in the expression of ethylene biosynthesis gene PpACO1 in the roots treated with Cd stress. Overall, the application of EBR alleviated Cd-induced oxidative stress in addition to improving root elongation and lateral root growth crosstalk with auxin and ethylene in Kentucky bluegrass subjected to Cd stress. This study further highlights the potential role of brassinosteroids in improving the efficiency of phytoremediation for Cd-contaminated soils

Additional file 6 of Key factors for differential drought tolerance in two contrasting wild materials of Artemisia wellbyi identified using comparative transcriptomics

Additional file 6: Table S6 DEGs involved in protein degradation in the drought-tolerant A.wellbyi under drought stress

Additional file 2 of Key factors for differential drought tolerance in two contrasting wild materials of Artemisia wellbyi identified using comparative transcriptomics

Additional file 2: Table S2. Statistics of filtered data

Additional file 16 of Key factors for differential drought tolerance in two contrasting wild materials of Artemisia wellbyi identified using comparative transcriptomics

Additional file 16: Table S16. Description and expression levels of PPI network

Additional file 5 of Key factors for differential drought tolerance in two contrasting wild materials of Artemisia wellbyi identified using comparative transcriptomics

Additional file 5: Table S5. Drought-induced DETs in the drought-tolerant A.wellbyi under drought stress

Additional file 17 of Key factors for differential drought tolerance in two contrasting wild materials of Artemisia wellbyi identified using comparative transcriptomics

Additional file 17: Table S17. Interactions between HSP70 and ubiquitination-related genes in the drought-tolerant A.wellbyi under drought stress

Additional file 4 of Key factors for differential drought tolerance in two contrasting wild materials of Artemisia wellbyi identified using comparative transcriptomics

Additional file 4: Table S4. Statistics of assembly

Additional file 7 of Key factors for differential drought tolerance in two contrasting wild materials of Artemisia wellbyi identified using comparative transcriptomics

Additional file 7: Table S7. DEGs involved in protein modification genes in the drought-tolerant A.wellbyi under drought stress