Design, Performance, and Calibration of CMS Hadron Endcap Calorimeters

Detailed measurements have been made with the CMS hadron calorimeter endcaps (HE) in response to beams of muons, electrons, and pions. Readout of HE with custom electronics and hybrid photodiodes (HPDs) shows no change of performance compared to readout with commercial electronics and photomultipliers. When combined with lead-tungstenate crystals, an energy resolution of 8\% is achieved with 300 GeV/c pions. A laser calibration system is used to set the timing and monitor operation of the complete electronics chain. Data taken with radioactive sources in comparison with test beam pions provides an absolute initial calibration of HE to approximately 4\% to 5\%

MECHANICAL-ACOUSTIC SYSTEM EQUIVALENT OF SEISMIC-WAVE GENERATOR WITH MULTIFIER

The application of methods of the electro-acoustic and electro-mechanical analogies to simulate a seismic-wave generator with hydraulic multiplier by the electric circuit is analyzed. An original algorithm of integrating the electric circuit equivalent of mechanical and acoustic subsystems of the mechanical-acoustic system is offered

Use of remix spent mixed fuel plutonium in the BN-1200 reactor

The VVER-1000 thermal neutron reactor can operate on mixed uranium-plutonium fuel with a content of reactor-grade plutonium up to 5% with a 100% loaded core. In this case, plutonium burns up to 56% of odd isotopes. The energy potential of such plutonium is very low, and its further use in thermal reactors is impractical. However, such plutonium can be used in fast neutron reactors. The paper presents the results of investigating the possibility for such isotopic plutonium composition to be used in the BN-1200 thermal neutron reactor and its value be increased for the plutonium recycle in the reactor. For this purpose, a precision model of the BN-1200 reactor has been developed using the Serpent Monte Carlo code. The model has been verified against the reference values of the nuclear fuel burnup and breeding ratios. The study has shown that such plutonium can be used in the BN-1200 reactor MOX fuel. Maintaining the operating cycle length requires the plutonium fraction in the MOX fuel to be increased up to 2%. In the BN-1200 reactor, the isotopic composition has been found to improve for the further recycle of plutonium in the thermal reactor, i.e. odd plutonium isotopes increase. The fewer odd plutonium isotopes at the beginning of the BN-1200 operating cycle, the greater their increase. It can be seen as the result of the calculation that plutonium from VVER-1000 spent mixed fuel must be loaded into the BN-1200 reactor at least twice to increase the fraction of odd isotopes to the level of reactor-grade plutonium

Experience of the use of liraglutide (Victoza) in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity

Aim. To study efficacy of treatment with liraglutide in women with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. Materials and methods. A group of 12 women aged 52-58 yr with T2D duration of 3-5 years, BMI 32-35 kg/m2, abnormally high C-peptide level,and НbА1с 7.5-8.5% were treated with 1500-2000 mg metformin/day and sulfonylureas at 50% of the maximum dose. Liraglutide was given insteadof sulfonylureas by a standard method (0.6 U/day for 1 week subcutaneously and 1.2 U/day thereafter). The total duration of therapy was 3 months.We analysed blood glucose level before and 2 hr after meals, НbА1с, lipidogram, C-peptide, HOMA index, BMI, waist circumference, percent of totalfat in the body, frequency of hypoglycemia, and side effects (nausea). Results. All patients achieved target values of НbА1с and a significant decrease in blood glucose before and after meals, body weight, total fat content,BMI, HOMA, systolic blood pressure; HDL cholesterol increased while LDL decreased. No case of hypoglycemia was documented. All the patientshad mild nausea of short duration (2-3 days). Conclusion. The use of liraglutide (Victoza) in women with T2D and obesity improve carbohydrate metabolism and insulin resistance without seriousside effects

Conceptual approaches to research modern agricultural food systems

The transition of the country and regions towards sustainable economic growth cannot be carried out without solving the problems of food independence, which is the main condition for Russia's economic security. This makes it important to study the problems of forming a balanced national food market, increasing the efficiency of modern agri-food policy. Taking into account the differentiation of climatic and socio-economic conditions for the development of regions, additional studies of the features of regional agri-food systems are needed. This requires the development of a scientifically based approach to the classification of types of constituent entities of the Russian Federation. For the purpose of typologizing regions, it is proposed to use the integral method. The results of such calculations can be used to substantiate the use of target-oriented and indicative planning methods in terms of defining goals and priorities in combination with substantiating the system of economic regulators. The results of the study can be taken into account by public authorities when conducting a comparative analysis of the economic development of regions, the development of federal target programs, and the formation of a strategy for the development of regions

Comparative efficacy assessment for various insulin regimens in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, ischaemic heart disease and frequent hypoglycemic events

Aims. To study influence of combined treatment with human insulin analogues (insulin aspart and insulin detemir) on glycemic control,insulin resistance and development of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and frequenthypoglycemic events in comparison with that of human insulins (soluble and isophane). Materials and methods. 54 patients (mean age 61.2?0.7) with T2DM and IHD participated in this study. All included patients experiencedfrequent mild and moderate hypoglycemic events (3+ episodes per week). We analyzed frequency and severity of hypoglycemia,parameters of glycemic and lipid metabolism, number of ischaemic episodes per day, duration and depth of ST depression, circadianindex, incidence of different types of arrhythmia and conduction abnormalities as measured by Holter ECG monitoring.All patients were subdivided into two groups by random sampling: 21 patient (first group) carried on with human soluble insulin andisophane in an optimized basal-bolus regimen. In 33 patients, comprising second group, treatment was changed for combination ofinsulin aspart (NovoRapid?, Novo Nordisk, Denmark) and insulin detemir (Levemir?, Novo Nordisk, Denmark). Follow-up periodwas set to 6 months. Results. In patients with frequent hypoglycemic experience different types of arrhythmia and heart conduction abnormalities wereobserved in 75.9% of cases. Most patients had complex types of arrhythmic disorders (70.4%) with ventricular extrasystole being themost common one. Signs of myocardial ischaemia were registered in 48.1% of patients.After 6 months of follow-up patients from the second group demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in fasting and postprandiallevels of glycemia (p=0.000001). Both groups also had a significantly lower rate of hypoglycemic events. Moreover, in the second groupall episodes of hypoglycemia were mild and occurred only in 36.4% of cases. Additionally, after 6 months of treatment with humaninsulin analogues ventricular extrasystoles were registered only in 24.2% of patients, while rate and duration of ischaemic episodesdropped to 4.25?1.51 (p=0.012, comparing with first group). Conclusion. Treatment with human insulin analogues NovoRapid? and Levemir? is associated with 1.6% decrease in HbA1c levels.Mild hypoglycemia was 72.2% less frequent, as compared with rates in the group on human soluble and isophane insulin, while moderateand severe hypoglycemic events were not observed at all. In turn, decrease in frequency and severity of hypoglycemia was associatedwith substantial improvement in cardiovascular status due to lower number and duration of ischaemic episodes (including painlessvariant) and lower frequency of heart rhythm disorders

Prognozirovanie riska razvitiya mikrososudistykh oslozhneniyi polineyropatii pri sakharnom diabete 2 tipa

Цель. Разработка способов прогнозирования риска развития микрососудистых осложнений СД, диабетической нейропатии на основе количественного анализа наследственной отягощенности по СД. Материалы и методы. Обследовано 174 человека, из которых 86 страдали СД 2 типа, а 88 находились с ними в первой степени родства (всего 33 семьи). Из 86 больных СД 2 типа родственники были обследованы у 39 пациентов, т. е. в 45,9% случаев. Определяли концентрацию глюкозы в капиллярной крови натощак и через 2 ч после еды, а также уровень С-пептида в венозной крови натощак. Анализировали показатели липидного обмена: общий холестерин, ХС липопротеинов низкой плотности (ХС-ЛПНП), ХС липопротеинов высокой плотности (ХС-ЛПВП), триглицериды (ТГ), индекс атерогенности. Исследовали антропометрические показатели: индекс массы тела (ИМТ), окружность талии (ОТ), окружность бедер (ОБ) и их отношение (ОТ/ОБ). Диагностировали диабетическую нефропатию, диабетическую ретинопатию, диабетическую дистальную полинейропатию и определяли стадии их развития. Также определяли систолическое АД (САД), диастолическое АД (ДАД), частоту пульса (Пс), и уровни мочевины, креатинина, общего белка и общего билирубина, регистрировали скорость клубочковой фильтрации (СКФ) в крови. Результаты. Риск развития диабетической дистальной полинейропатии повышается при длительном течении СД. Диабетическая нефропатия развивается чаще у лиц с продолжительным течением СД, высокими ДАД и САД. При проведении популяционно-генетического анализа было показано, что тяжесть микроангиопатии и полинейропатии зависит не только от уровня компенсации углеводного обмена и функционального состояния ?-клеток, но и от генотипических факторов риска. Выводы. Методы совокупной оценки влияния генотипических и фенотипических факторов риска на тяжесть диабетической микроангиопатии и полинейропатии позволяют строить уравнения множественной регрессии. Разработанные уравнения позволяют прогнозировать тяжесть диабетических микрососудистых осложнений и полинейропатии с привлечением широкого спектра факторов риска, что дает возможность индивидуализировать прогноз в зависимости от наследственной отягощенности, значений АД, уровня компенсации углеводного обмена и функционального состояния ?-клеток поджелудочной железы