ГИГИЕНИЧЕСКАЯ ОЦЕНКА УЧЕБНЫХ ТЕКСТОВ: МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ ПОДХОДЫ И ОЦЕНКА ТРУДНОСТИ ДЛЯ ДЕТЕЙ ОБЩЕОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНЫХ УЧЕБНИКОВ

Background: The understandability and readability of the text are significant indicators of evaluation of textbooks. Objective: The aim of the study — rationale of improving the readability and understandability of textbooks. Methods: 60 modern textbooks for 5–11th classes on History, Physics, Biology and 23 textbooks of 1960–1980’s edition. Flesch index was used to assess the readability, Fogh index — to evaluate understandability. Results: The readability and understandability of texts in textbooks of 1960–1980’s and modern editions have no differences and show the same complexity of old and modern textbooks for students. The indicator of understandability of textbooks for primary classes corresponds to age norm and is 4.4±0.2 points. The indicator of readability for these books is less age norm and is 53.8±2.9 points, which increases the physiological cost of educational activities of children of primary school age. Children’s readability and understandability of school textbooks are a significant factor of intensity of training activities and can be objectively assessed by Flesch and Fogh indices, that it is appropriate for an objective hygienic assessment of the tension of the educational activities for children. Conclusion: The main direction of optimization of the tension of educational activity is to reduce the intellectual and emotional loads in children by increasing the easiness of reading textbooks due to their compliance with the age peculiarities of students.  Понимаемость и удобочитаемость (легкость чтения) текста — значимые признаки оценки учебников. Цель исследования: обосновать совершенствование удобочитаемости и понимаемости текстов учебников. Методы: изучено 60 современных учебников для 1–11-х классов по истории, физике, биологии, а также 23 учебника, изданные в 1960–1980 гг. Для оценки удобочитаемости использовали показатель Флеша, для оценки понимаемости — индекс Фога. Результаты: удобочитаемость и понимаемость текстов учебников 1960–1980-х гг. и современных изданий не отличается, что свидетельствует об одинаковой сложности для обучающихся старых и современных учебников. Показатель понимаемости учебников для начальных классов соответствует возрастной норме и составляет 4,4±0,2 балла. Показатель легкости чтения этих учебников меньше возрастной нормы и равен 53,8±2,9 балла, что повышает физиологическую стоимость учебной деятельности детей младшего школьного возраста. Удобочитаемость и понимаемость детьми текстов школьных учебников — значимый фактор напряженности учебной деятельности. Он может быть объективно оценен с помощью показателя Флеша и индекса Фога, что целесообразно для объективной гигиенической оценки напряженности учебной деятельности детей. Заключение: основным направлением оптимизации напряженности учебной деятельности является снижение интеллектуальных и эмоциональных нагрузок у детей путем повышения легкости чтения школьных учебников за счет их соответствия возрастным особенностям обучающихся.

ОСНОВНЫЕ ЗАКОНОМЕРНОСТИ МОРФОФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОГО РАЗВИТИЯ ДЕТЕЙ И ПОДРОСТКОВ В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ

In modern social economic and ecologo-hygienic conditions of big cities all age groups of children and adolescents aged 8–15 years present a significant decrease of functional indicators (muscle force of the right hand) in comparison with their peers of 60s and 80s of the XX century. The similar findings occur in other regions and age groups. The analysis of the reasons of this phenomenon is one of key problems for researches.В современных социально-экономических и эколого-гигиенических условиях крупного города отмечается существенное изменение морфофункционального состояния детей и подростков во всех возрастных группах от 8 до 15 лет по сравнению со сверстниками 60-х и 80-х гг. прошлого столетия. Серьезные опасения вызывает резкое снижение мышечной силы кистей рук на фоне увеличения тотальных размеров тела и ускорения биологического развития. Подобная картина наблюдается в других регионах страны, а также в других возрастных группах. Дальнейший анализ причин этого явления один из основных вопросов, стоящих перед исследователями.

INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF ORGANIZING SCHOOL NUTRITION

The experience of organizing school nutrition in Europe and usais analyzed. It is noted that long term programs aimed at optimizing schoolchildren nutrition have a beneficial effect on the children's health, culture of their nutrition and quality of life. The importance of carrying out similar programs in Russia is beyond any doubt: according to population research, the basic principles of good nutrition are often not observed, and school breakfasts and lunches do not correspond to the age physiological needs of children and teenagers for nutrient materials and energy. In this situation, the available experience of using vitaminbenriched products as well as vitamin and mineral complexes in children will permit to quickly resolve the existing problems of the improper, and sometimes, insufficient, nutrition.Key words: school nutrition, organization, international experience.</strong

EVALUATION COMPREHENSION OF THE CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENT PHYSICAL GROWTH IN THE COURSE OF THE POPULATION RESEARCH

The urgency of the given research is intimately related to the necessity to choose the comprehension approaches to the evaluation of the children's physical growth, which may be applied in monitoring of the children collectives health status, planning and performance of the preventive and sanitary events at the group and population levels. The authors studied the socially different children collectives and examined 3,600 children and adolescents. They showed that the use of the regional modified regression scales, complex schemes and centile tables, i.e. regional standards based approaches to the evaluation of the physical growth would be comprehensive for the physical growth features of the children collectives subject to ethnic, climate and geographic as well as social and economic differences.Key words: physical growth, evaluation approaches, children, adolescents

INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF ORGANIZING SCHOOL NUTRITION

The experience of organizing school nutrition in Europe and usais analyzed. It is noted that long term programs aimed at optimizing schoolchildren nutrition have a beneficial effect on the children's health, culture of their nutrition and quality of life. The importance of carrying out similar programs in Russia is beyond any doubt: according to population research, the basic principles of good nutrition are often not observed, and school breakfasts and lunches do not correspond to the age physiological needs of children and teenagers for nutrient materials and energy. In this situation, the available experience of using vitaminbenriched products as well as vitamin and mineral complexes in children will permit to quickly resolve the existing problems of the improper, and sometimes, insufficient, nutrition.Key words: school nutrition, organization, international experience

EVALUATION COMPREHENSION OF THE CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENT PHYSICAL GROWTH IN THE COURSE OF THE POPULATION RESEARCH

The urgency of the given research is intimately related to the necessity to choose the comprehension approaches to the evaluation of the children's physical growth, which may be applied in monitoring of the children collectives health status, planning and performance of the preventive and sanitary events at the group and population levels. The authors studied the socially different children collectives and examined 3,600 children and adolescents. They showed that the use of the regional modified regression scales, complex schemes and centile tables, i.e. regional standards based approaches to the evaluation of the physical growth would be comprehensive for the physical growth features of the children collectives subject to ethnic, climate and geographic as well as social and economic differences.Key words: physical growth, evaluation approaches, children, adolescents.</strong

PROGRAM FOR GAIN IN HEALTH OF THE DRAFT AGE PERSONNEL (BASED ON THE REPORT PRESENTED IN THE PANEL SESSION OF THE PRESIDIUM OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, NOVEMBER 29, 2006)

(Voprosy sovremennoi pediatrii = Current pediatrics. 2007;6(2):8-12

MEDICAL SOCIAL ASPECTS OF HEALTH FORMING IN CHILDREN IN JUNIOR SCHOOL

The article focuses on the analysis of modern medical social aspects of health forming in children in junior school. High level of risk factors of diseases, concerned with mode of living, was discovered among children in junior school. Such factors as hypodynamia, sleep deficiency, a prevalence of static component over dynamic one, insufficient consumption of basic food stuffs, violation of dietary habits and parent's smoking are responsible for decrease of adaptive resources of child's organism and disorders in a mechanisms of vegetative regulation. These factors determine a high risk of vegetative dysfunction, underlying deviation in functioning of different organs and systems. Authors offer to use obtained data in development of complex prophylactic programs for children in junior school.Key words: primary school age, risk factors, mode of living, prophylaxis

READING, COMPUTER AND HEALTH

The wide use of computer information media in education process and children and teenagers' leisure activities set new tasks for hygienists and physiologists in assessment of the influence of computer lessons on health, as well as in substantiation and development of ways of formatting and presenting materials from the viewpoint of legibility and regulation of teaching modes. In this work, data related to the study of response of students' optical system depending on the ways of presenting the information (on a screen or on a paper medium), assessment of functional status of children and teenagers after computer classes, are presented, analysis and assessment of modern electronic tutorials are given.Key words: children, reading, computers, electronic tutorials, health.</strong