Upgrading of Bombay High Waxy Crude by Thermal Processes

Attempts have been made to upgrade Bombay High waxy residues by different thermal conversion processes, namely visbreaking, thermal cracking and delayed coking. A systematic analysis of the data with respect to yield and characteristics obtained from different laboratory conversion units is presented and compared with estimated values for fluid catalytic cracking and hydrocracking

Differential thermal analysis of n-long chain alcohols and corresponding alkoxy ethanols

The differential thermal analyses of n-long chain alcohols CH3(CH3)n-1-OH, designated as Cn-OH (n = 16, 18, 20 and 22), and corresponding alkoxy ethanols CH3(CH2)n-1-OCH2CH2OH, designated as Cn-OC2H4OH, have been carried out at a heating rate of 1°C min-1. The differential e.m.f (Δ∨ ) has been plotted against the temperature of the reference material (°C) and the onset of the peak has been taken as the appearance of the polymorphic phase transition or melting of the compound. Heats of transition (ΔH1) and melting or fusion (ΔH1) were computed from the areas under the respective peaks

Surface potentials of monomolecular films of n-long chain alkoxy ethanols

Surface potentials (ΔV) of monomolecular films of n-long chain alkoxy ethanols CH<SUB>2</SUB>(CH<SUB>2</SUB>)<SUB>n-1</SUB>-OCH<SUB>2</SUB>CH<SUB>2</SUB>OH designated as C<SUB>n</SUB>-OC<SUB>2</SUB>H<SUB>4</SUB>OH (n = 16, 18, 20 and 22) were measured by the ionizing electrode method at three temperatures (around 15, 20 and 25°C) as a function of surface pressure (π) and area/molecule (A). The results have been represented as ΔV-π, ΔV-A, µ⊥-A andπ-A isotherms, where µ⊥ is the normal component of the apparent dipole moment per molecule. The data provide valuable information as regards molecular interaction and orientation of various films at different pressures. The transition pressures for different phase changes such as gas → liquid condensed (G → L<SUB>e</SUB>) and L<SUB>e</SUB> → S (solid state) observed in ΔV-π curves agree well with the π-A curves. In all the films studied ΔV increases as π increases or A decreases. It also increases as the chain length increases from C<SUB>16</SUB> to C<SUB>22</SUB> at all the temperatures. The surface dipole moment (µ⊥) generally decreases as area/molecule decreases except in C<SUB>22</SUB>-OC<SUB>2</SUB>H<SUB>4</SUB>OH at 14.4°C in the highly condensed region. Diffused first order change has been observed for C<SUB>18</SUB>-OC<SUB>2</SUB>H<SUB>4</SUB>OH at 14.7 and 19.4°C, for C<SUB>2</SUB>O-OC<SUB>2</SUB>H<SUB>4</SUB>OH at 24.4°C and for C<SUB>22</SUB>-OC<SUB>2</SUB>H<SUB>4</SUB>OH at 14.4 and 19.2°C. The superior behavior in reducing the water evaporation loss by alkoxy ethanol films compared to that of the corresponding alcohols has been discussed

Differential Thermal Analysis of Mixtures of Long Chain Primary Alcohols & Alkoxy Ethanols

1165-117

Surface potentials of mixed monolayers of n-long chain alcohols and n-alkoxy ethanols

The surface potentials (ΔV) of the mixed monolayers of n-long chain alcohols (Cn - OH) and n-alkoxy ethanols (Cn - OCH2CH2OH) (where n = 16, 18, 20, and 22) have been measured at 25°C by the ionizing electrode method and the results have been represented in the form of ΔV - π, ΔV - A, µ⊥ - A and π - A isotherms. The effect of chain length and polarity on the intermolecular interaction and the packing characteristics in the mixed monolayer state has been investigated. All the mixtures were found to be homogeneous; however, the simple mixture law was not found to be applicable to them. The mixtures, such as C16 - OH + C16- OC2H4OH gave ΔV, µ⊥ and the Ic à LS or S transition pressure values, which were nearly the mean of those obtained for the pure components. But where the chain length or the polar group of the compounds was different, the ΔV, µ⊥, and the Lc → LS or S pressure values were appreciably lower than the mean values, indicating stronger intermolecular interactions. The mixed film of C16 - OH and C22 - OC2H4OH showed two phase transitions in the condensed region

Visbreaking studies on Aghajari long residue

Visbreaking studies on Aghajari long residue (370 °C+) have been conducted in a continuous bench-scale unit at different severity conditions. The effects of temperature and residence time on the yields and properties of the visbroken distillates and residues have been studied. The kinetics of cracking has been determined to be first order

Polymorphism of N-alkanols: 1-heptadecanol, 1-octadecanol, 1-nonadecanol, and 1-eicosanol

no abstrac