Tourist Flow and Tourism Potential Regions of Gulmarg in Kashmir Himalayas

Gulmarg has a rich and diverse touristic product that holds the potential to be one of the most attractive tourist destinations for both leisure and sports tourism across the whole Kashmir Himalayan region The place owes its importance mainly to its beautiful geo-environmental setup and unique climate The destination has a history of tourism activities for more than five centuries The resort has been a great attraction for several British officials posted in India and their families made Gulmarg their home for the summer months This his to-geographical personality of the place has resulted in the development of tourist regions of interest to a range of tastes especially for holiday makers and sports and adventure tourists Therefore present study aims at identification and delineation of the different tourist potential regions of the place which would help in proper marketing of the tourist product management of tourist flow optimization of economic returns and management of the environmental health of the destination for sustainable tourism development in the regio

Watershed Based Drainage Morphometric Analysis of Lidder Catchment in Kashmir Valley Using Geographical Information System

The quantitative analysis of drainage system is an important aspect of characterization of watersheds. Using watershed as a basic unit in morphometric analysis is the most logical choice because all hydrologic and geomorphic processes occur within the watershed. Lidder catchment which constitutes a segment of the western Himalayas with an area of 1159.38 km2 (10% of the river Jhelum catchment) has been selected as the study area. Various linear and areal aspects of the catchment were computed at watershed level. This was achieved using GIS to provide digital data that can be manipulated for different calculations. The analysis has revealed that the total number as well as total length of stream segments is maximum in first order streams and decreases as the stream order increases. Horton’s laws of stream numbers and stream lengths also hold good. The bifurcation ratio between different successive orders is almost constant. The drainage density values of the different watersheds exhibit high degree of positive correlation (0.97) with the stream frequency suggesting that there is an increase in stream population with respect to increasing drainage density and vice versa

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПОЛЯ НАПРЯЖЕНИЙ АФТЕРШОКОВЫХ ПРОЦЕССОВ ЗЕМЛЕТРЯСЕНИЙ АЛТАЕ-САЯНСКОЙ ГОРНОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

The cataclastic method developed by Yu.L. Rebetsky is applied to reconstruct the recent field of stresses related to aftershock sequences of earthquakes that occurred in the Altai-Sayan mountainous region, specifically the Altai earthquake of 27 September 2003 (М=7.3; φ=50.061o; λ=87.966o) and the Busingol earthquake of 27 December 1991 (М=5.0; φ=51.1o; λ=98.13o). Upon reconstruction of the field of stresses from data on aftershocks of different magnitudes, it is revealed that orientations of maximum stresses are misaligned, and this may suggest a lack of similarity of fields of stresses in different scale ranks. The fields of stresses reconstructed from data on sequences of weak aftershocks of the Altai and Busingol earthquakes show changes in orientations of major stress axes at opposite sides of the shear faults under study. The orientation of the maximum deviation stress axes due to strong aftershocks is consistent with the regional field of stresses and does not change in the vicinity of the fault plane associated with the strong earthquakes the Altai and Sayan regions.Для реконструкции современного поля напряжений за счет афтершоковой последовательности Алтайского (27 сентября 2003 г., М = 7.3, φ=50.061°, λ=87.966°) и Бусийнгольского землетрясений (27 декабря 1991 г. М=6.5 φ=51.1°, λ=98.13°), произошедших в Алтае-Саянской горной области, использовался катакластический метод Ю.Л. Ребецкого [Rebetsky, 1997, 1999, 2003, 2007]. В результате восстановления поля напряжений, полученного за счет афтершоков разных магнитуд, проявилась несоосность в ориентации осей максимальных девиаторных напряжений, которая может свидетельствовать об отсутствии подобия поля напряжений разных масштабных уровней. Поля напряжений по слабым Алтайским и Бусийнгольским афтершоковым последовательностям обнаруживают свойство изменения ориентации осей главных напряжений по разные стороны сдвиговых разрывов. Ориентация осей максимального девиаторного напряжения за счет сильных повторных толчков, соответствующая региональному полю напряжений, не меняется вблизи области плоскости разрыва исследованных сильных землетрясений Алтая и Саян

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПРОЯВЛЕНИЯ СИЛЬНЫХ ЗЕМЛЕТРЯСЕНИЙ В ПОЛЕ СЕЙСМОТЕКТОНИЧЕСКИХ ДЕФОРМАЦИЙ

Earthquake concentration areas in the changeable stress-strain medium are considered. In strong earthquake centres, rupturing occurs within the limits of the arbitrarily-set boundary between deformations of positive and negative values in the field of latitudinal, meridional and vertical components of seismotectonic deformation (Fig. 1–12).В работе рассматривается вопрос о местах сосредоточенности землетрясений в изменяющейся напряженно-деформированной среде. Вспарывание в очагах ряда сильных землетрясений начинается в пределах условной границы, разделяющей положительные и отрицательные величины деформаций в поле широтной, меридиональной и вертикальной компонент сейсмотектонических деформаций (рис. 1–12)

Gender differences in insulin and C-peptide concentrations at birth using cord blood collection

ABSTRACT Objective: To study gender differences in insulin and C-peptide concentrations at birth using cord blood collection. Subjects and methods: This study was conducted in a maternity hospital, in Jammu province of Jammu and Kashmir, India. All women with pregnancy who were hospitalized for delivery were followed. All pregnant ladies who had no medical condition affecting insulin levels, as per history and routine antenatal blood testing, were included in the study. The test for cord plasma insulin and C-peptide was done in 60 (30 males) full-term (≥ 37 completed weeks) normal delivery babies within 4 hours of the collection of samples using the electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) on Roche elecsys module immunoassay analyzer. Weight of the babies was taken immediately after birth using digital scales. Results: Cord plasma insulin and C-peptide measured in EDTA were compared between boys and girls and also related to birth weight. Girls were lighter (2,830 ± 37 vs. 3,236 ± 46 g; p = < 0.001) but had higher cord insulin (16.48 ± 4.88 vs. 10.53 ± 4.04 µU/mL; p = < 0.001), and C-peptide (2.47 ± 0.66 vs. 0.834 ± 0.26 ng/mL; p = < 0.001) concentrations than newborn boys. Conclusion: Female newborn babies have higher cord plasma insulin and C-peptide concentrations than male newborns, despite being smaller, suggesting intrinsic insulin resistance in girls. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2016;60(3):264-

FOCAL MECHANISMS OF EARTHQUAKES IN THE SUBDUCTION ZONE OF THE WESTERN PACIFIC PLATE

Deformation features of the subducting Pacific lithospheric plate are considered according to the data on earthquake focal mechanisms. The territory includes the convergent boundaries between the Pacific Plate and the North American (in the Aleutian arc region), the Okhotsk, the Eurasian and the Philippine plates.It has been shown that the angle of subducting Pacific Plate in the Aleutian subduction zone affects the focal mechanisms of earthquakes that occurred in the upper, 35 km part of the oceanic plate in the zone of its bending. There occur normal-fault earthquakes at a steep-angle subduction and rare thrust earthquakes at a shallow-angle subduction. The azimuthal orientation of P-axes of the focal mechanism solutions in the upper (1–70 km) contact zone corresponds to the Pacific Plate displacement vector when the plate fragments are subducting west-northwestwards. There occurs a change in azimuthal orientation of the compression axes in the subducting plate at a depth of more than 70 km: the axes occupy different azimuthal sectors showing difference in the orientation of their slope, with the orientations of the T-axes become multidirectional.The calculation of seismotectonic deformations was carried out based on the data on focal mechanisms of 7768 earthquakes. It was revealed that the Exx and Ezz deformation fields are the most homogeneous at depths of 1–70 km. The pattern of seismotectonic deformations changes abruptly for deep parts of the subducting plate (105–200, 200–400, and 400–700 km), there are observed heterogeneous deformation fields Exx, Eyy and Еzz with alternating episodes of extension and shortening.There has been proposed the author’s scheme of the influence of the upper mantle convection structure on the geometry of the subducting plate (slab) as a potential catalyst for the processes responsible for the separation of seismic activity zones and the change of earthquake types with depth and in different parts of the extended subduction zone

Point Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminthiaisis in Buffaloes of Jammu, India

The present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthiasis in buffaloes of Jammu area of Jammu And Kashmir State for the period of one year. For this purpose, 173 faecal samples were collected from different areas (Bisnah, R S Pura, Sidrah, Jammu city and Akhnoor) of subtropical Jammu. Parasitological procedures used for the identification of helminthes were direct and indirect methods. The overall prevalence of helminthiasis was 38.72%. Helminthic infection was recorded throughout the year with seasonal variations

Noun Morphology of Kashtawari: A Descriptive Study

N

СТРУКТУРА ЛИТОСФЕРЫ И СЕЙСМОТЕКТОНИЧЕСКИЕ ДЕФОРМАЦИИ ЗОНЫ КОНТАКТА ЛИТОСФЕРНЫХ ПЛИТ В РАЙОНЕ ОСТРОВА СУМАТРА

The inversion seismic tomography algorithm (ITS) was used to calculate 3D seismic anomalies models for velocities of P- and S-waves in the zone of the Sunda arc, Indonesia. In the area under study, strong earthquakes (M>4.8) are clustered in the zone of high P-wave velocities. Earthquake hypocenters are located in zones of both high and low velocity anomalies of S-waves. The giant Sumatra earthquake (December 26, 2004, Mw=9.0) ruptured the greatest fault length of any recorded earthquake, and the rupture started in the area wherein the sign of P-wave velo­city anomalies is abruptly changed. We calculated seismotectonic deformations (STD) from data on mechanisms of 2227 earthquakes recorded from 1977 to 2013, and our calculations show that the STD component, that controls vertical extension of rocks, is most stable through all the depth levels. In the marginal regions at the western and eastern sides of the Sunda arc, the crustal areas (depths from 0 to 35 km) are subject to deformations which sign is opposite to that of deformations in the central part. Besides, at depths from 70 to 150 km beneath the Sumatra earthquake epicentre area, the zone is subject to deformations which sign is opposite to that of deformations in the studied part of the Sunda arc. For earthquakes that may occur in the crust in the Sunda arc in the contact zone of the plates, maximum magnitudes depend on the direction of pressure imposed by the actively subducting plate, which is an additional criteria for determining the limit magnitude for the region under study. На основе сейсмотомографического алгоpитма ИТC pаccчитано тpеxмеpное pаcпpеделение аномалий cкоpоcтей P- и S-волн в зоне Зондской дуги. Сильные землетрясения (с М>4.8) рассматриваемого района группируются в зоне повышенных скоростей Р-волн. Гипоцентры сейсмических событий попадают в зоны как повышенных, так и пониженных скоростей S-волн. Географически начало вспарывания очага Суматранского землетрясения 2004 г. (Mw=9.0) совпадает с районом резкого изменения знака аномалий скоростей Р-волн. Расчет сейсмотектонических деформаций по данным механизмов 2227 землетрясений, зарегистрированных с 1977 по 2013 г., показал, что на всех глубинах наиболее устойчиво ведет себя компонента СТД, отвечающая за вертикальное удлинение объемов горных масс. Участки земной коры (0–35 км) в окраинных районах с западной и восточной стороны Зондской дуги характеризуются деформациями противоположного знака по отношению к центральной части. Также в слое 70–150 км под эпицентральной областью Суматранского землетрясения происходят деформации противоположного знака по отношению к деформациям рассматриваемой части Зондской дуги. Максимальные магнитуды коровых землетрясений Зондской дуги, возникающие в зоне контакта плит, зависят от направления давления активной погружающейся плиты, что является одним из дополнительных критериев определения предельной магнитуды этого района

МЕХАНИЗМЫ ОЧАГОВ ЗЕМЛЕТРЯСЕНИЙ В ЗАПАДНОЙ ЗОНЕ СУБДУКЦИИ ТИХООКЕАНСКОЙ ЛИТОСФЕРНОЙ ПЛИТЫ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ ЕЕ ПОГРУЖЕНИЯ

Deformation features of the subducting Pacific lithospheric plate are considered according to the data on earthquake focal mechanisms. The territory includes the convergent boundaries between the Pacific Plate and the North American (in the Aleutian arc region), the Okhotsk, the Eurasian and the Philippine plates.It has been shown that the angle of subducting Pacific Plate in the Aleutian subduction zone affects the focal mechanisms of earthquakes that occurred in the upper, 35 km part of the oceanic plate in the zone of its bending. There occur normal-fault earthquakes at a steep-angle subduction and rare thrust earthquakes at a shallow-angle subduction. The azimuthal orientation of P-axes of the focal mechanism solutions in the upper (1–70 km) contact zone corresponds to the Pacific Plate displacement vector when the plate fragments are subducting west-northwestwards. There occurs a change in azimuthal orientation of the compression axes in the subducting plate at a depth of more than 70 km: the axes occupy different azimuthal sectors showing difference in the orientation of their slope, with the orientations of the T-axes become multidirectional.The calculation of seismotectonic deformations was carried out based on the data on focal mechanisms of 7768 earthquakes. It was revealed that the Exx and Ezz deformation fields are the most homogeneous at depths of 1–70 km. The pattern of seismotectonic deformations changes abruptly for deep parts of the subducting plate (105–200, 200–400, and 400–700 km), there are observed heterogeneous deformation fields Exx, Eyy and Еzz with alternating episodes of extension and shortening.There has been proposed the author’s scheme of the influence of the upper mantle convection structure on the geometry of the subducting plate (slab) as a potential catalyst for the processes responsible for the separation of seismic activity zones and the change of earthquake types with depth and in different parts of the extended subduction zone.Исследуются особенности деформирования погружающейся Тихоокеанской литосферной плиты по данным механизмов очагов землетрясений. Территория включает зоны конвергентных границ Тихоокеанской плиты с Северо-Американской (в районе Алеутской дуги), Охотоморской, Евразийской и Филиппинской плитами.Показано, что угол наклона Тихоокеанской плиты в зоне субдукции Алеутской дуги оказывает влияние на механизмы очагов землетрясений, произошедших в верхней части (до 35 км) океанической плиты в области ее изгиба. При крутом наклоне погружения плиты возникают сбросовые смещения в очагах, при пологом – редкие надвиговые землетрясения. Азимутальная ориентация Р-осей механизмов очагов землетрясений верхней части зоны контакта (1–70 км) соответствует направлению вектора смещения Тихоокеанской плиты при погружении ее фрагментов к западу-северо-западу. Глубже 70 км в погружающейся плите происходит изменение азимутальной ориентации осей сжатия: они занимают разные азимутальные секторы и, фиксируется разнообразная ориентация их наклона, ориентации осей Т становятся разнонаправленными.На основе данных о механизмах очагов 7768 землетрясений выполнен расчет сейсмотектонических деформаций. Выявлено, что поля деформаций Ехх и Еzz наиболее однородны для глубин 1–70 км. Картина сейсмотектонических деформаций резко меняется для глубоких частей погружающейся плиты (105–200, 200–400 и 400–700 км), наблюдаются неоднородные поля деформаций Ехх, Еуу, Еzz с перемежающимися участками удлинений и укорочений.Предложена авторская схема влияния структуры конвекции в верхней мантии на геометрию погружающейся плиты (слэба) как вероятного катализатора процессов, ответственных за раздельность зон сейсмоактивности и смену типов землетрясений с глубиной и в разных частях протяженной зоны субдукции