121 research outputs found
Eurypides' "Ion" : the contemporary and the past
Artykuł jest próbą odczytania tragedii Eurypidesa Ion jako zderzenia heroicznej tradycji
mitycznej z współczesną Atenom V wieku p.n.e. ideologią państwową i obywatelską. Dominujący
problem dramatu stanowi kwestia obywatelstwa i dziedziczenia, nader istotna w codziennym
życiu ateńskiej polis , o czym świadczą chociażby zachowane mowy sądowe. Postacią, wokół której
skupia się problematyka, jest tytułowy Ion, z jednej strony - pozornie - traktowany jako nieprawy
syn obcego władcy Aten, Ksutosa, z drugiej zaś - rzeczywiście - jako pełnoprawny potomek
starożytnej dynastii władców królów ateńskich. Tę właśnie - pozorną - ambiwalencję tytułowego
bohatera autor traktuje jako źródło konfliktu w Ionie , intepretowanego tu jako problematyzacja
i następnie, przez swoje szczęśliwe rozwiązanie (uznawane nieraz za tragikomiczne lub
melodramatyczne), legitymizacja wartości składających się na ideologię obywatelską klasycznych
Aten
Capital Punishment in Classical Athens
This paper attempts to describe the working of capital punishment within the frame of the Athenian legal system, taking into account the latter’s peculiarities and idiosyncracies. In the first place, it approaches the problem of the so-called procedural orientation of Athenian law, arguing that no definite list of capital offences in classical Athens can be compiled. Secondly, it considers the question of how death penalty was imposed in classical Athens and what were its viable substitutes. Finally, it looks at the different ways of its execution, with particular attention given to hemlock poisoning and bloodless crucifixion (apotympanismos)
Thaddaeus Zieliński in the eyes of a a modern hellenist
The paper is an attempt to assess — in an avowedly subjective manner — the significance
of the work of Thaddaeus Zieliński, the most eminent Polish classicist, for the present-day studies of
ancient Greek literature and culture. Taking into account the immense impact of much of Zieliński’s
contributions, and their unageing influence over many classical studies topics (Greek comedy, tragedy,
Homer), the discussion touches also the more controversial issues related to the works of this
great scholar
The rhetoric of Simon's adversary (Lysias 3)
Negation and trivialization — these two chief objectives of the defense in Lys. 3, and, in
fact, chief objectives of any defense whatsoever, are achieved in the speech firstly and foremostly
through contrasting ethopoiiai. The speaker rebuts the claims of the plaintiff, arguing from probability,
that unlike his adversary, he is not mad, and only a madman would be capable of doing the
deeds he is being accused of. The speaker trivializes the incident under trial as unworthy of prosecution,
unless of course, the prosecutor is a sycophant — like Simon. Underlying these is yet another
tendency, conveyed through Simon’s hubristic ethopoiia. This tendency is voiced out in a theoretical
treatise on composing successful speeches, claiming the authorship of Aristotle himself. Its argument
is: “[…] it seems to me that it comes close to no injustice at all, whenever one is subject to the
mistreatment by which he himself abused others, as for example, if someone batters (αἰκίσαιτο) one
who is accustomed to assault others with hybris (ὑβρίζειν)” (Rhet. 1373a). Whatever befell Simon,
he certainly had it coming
Vindictive prosecution in classical Athens : On some recent theories
The Attic orators show that revenge could be an admitted and legitimate motive on the part of a prosecutor, and that such a personal agenda might be felt and portrayed not as contradictory to the impersonal rule of law but as a partner to it
Patterns of revenge in Greek tragedy: liberation and deliverance
The paper discusses some peculiar narrative pattern accompanying the plots of revenge in
Greek drama. Particular attention here is given to the motifs of deliverance and tyrannicide. Among
the plays taken into consideration are: Euripides’ Cyclops, Electra, Heracles, the fragmentary Kresphontes,
Aeschylus’ Oresteia and Sophocles’ Electra
The problem of "Stasis" in the "Oresteia"
Powszechnie interpretuje się Oresteję Ajschylosa jako historiozoficzną alegorię rozwoju sprawiedliwości
ludzkiej i boskiej. Każda część trylogii miałaby obrazować którąś fazę owego rozwoju:
Agamemnon - panowanie pierwotnego, plemiennego prawa krwawej zemsty, stosowanego przez
Erynie; Ofiarnice - arystokratyczne pryncypia oczyszczenia, których patronem byłby Apollon;
wreszcie Eumenidy - powstanie demokratycznej i praworządnej p o lis pod opieką Ateny. Ten
ostatni akt, traktowany zgodnie jak o tryumf cywilizacji, miałby usuwać w cień wszelkie sprzeczności
i okrucieństwa towarzyszące poprzednim etapom.
Niniejszy tekst jest próbą przedstawienia odmiennej interpretacji trylogii Ajschylosa, próbą
dotarcia do jej recepcji w klasycznych Atenach. Trudno wyobrazić sobie, że zgromadzeni w Teatrze
Dionizosa Grecy interpretowali Orestesję w duchu nowożytnych, historiozoficznych koncepcji,
wspierających się z resztą na wątłych podstawach teoretycznych. Chaotyczna przemoc,
morderstwa w obrębie rodziny, odwrócenie panujących stosunków społecznych, skażenie religii
zbrodniami i inne transgresje przedstawione w Agamemnonie i w Oftarnicach - wszystko to w mentalności
starożytnych Greków kojarzono ze stanem politycznego kryzysu, znanym jako stasis. Do
tej właśnie stasis kilkakrotnie nawiązuje też tekst trylogii. Tryumf Areopagu i Aten w Eumenidach
byłby tym samym rozumiany nie tyle jak o alegoria ostatecznego etapu ewolucji cywilizacji
i ludzkości, ile jak o odbudowa zburzonego ładu, przywrócenie właściwych mentalności greckiej
stosunków społecznych i religijnych
Translation algorithms for graph covers
Graph covers are a way to describe continuous maps (and homeomorphisms) of
the Cantor set, more generally than e.g.\ Bratteli-Vershik systems.
Every continuous map on a zero-dimensional compact set can be expressed by a
graph cover (e.g.\ non-minimality or aperiodicty are no restrictions).
We give a survey on the construction, properties and some special cases of
graph covers
Activity of Arylsulphatase in Soil Contaminated with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Abstract An experiment has been performed to deter-mine the activity of arylsulphatase in soil submitted to pressure of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, and pyrene, in the amount of: 0, 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 mg kg−1 dm of soil. Soil samples were also applied some organic sub-stances, such as: cellulose, sucrose, and compost, in the amount of 0 and 9 g kg−1 dm of soil. The experiment was run under laboratory conditions. It was established on soil which belonged to loamy sand. The soil resis-tance (RS) and resilience (RL) indices were computed. It has been discovered that the PAHs stimulated arylsulphatase activity, with anthracene raising the ac-tivity of the enzyme to the highest degree. The activity of arysulphatase depended significantly on the dose of a PAH, duration of pressure, and type of organic sub-stances added to soil. The highest resistance (RS) was determined in soil exposed to phenanthrene, and the lowest one—in soil polluted with pyrene. Low values of the RL index prove that polycyclic aromatic hydro-carbons cause lasting disorders in the activity of arylsulphatase
Effect of unilateral, intraovarian infusions of bacteria on ovarian morphology in gilts
The aim of this study was to investigate whether unilateral, intraovarian infusions
of bacteria might have induced morphological changes in the contralateral ovary.
Eleven sexually matured gilts with controlled estrous cycle were used. The animals
were randomly divided into two groups: I (Gr. I, treated; n = 4), and II (Gr.
II, control; n = 7). In Gr. I, 1 ml of bacterial suspension (103 colony forming
units/ml of saline of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Corynebacterium
pyogenes, in proportion 1:1:1) was infused into the hilus of one ovary from the
15th to the 19th day of the estrous cycle. At the same time, 1 ml of saline was
infused into the hilus of the contralateral ovary and into both ovaries of the
control gilts. On the 7th day of the next cycle, the ovaries were dissected out.
There were no significant differences in the number of follicles and corpora lutea
(CL) as well as in weight and size between the bacteria-infused, contralateral
and control ovaries. The microscopic observations of the bacteria-infused ovaries
revealed the presence of focal infiltrations of neutrophils in the softened stroma,
especially around dilated blood vessels filled with erythrocytes. In the contralateral
ovaries, the number of regularly distributed neutrophils in the softened stroma
was greater than that found in the bacteria-treated ovaries. CL of the bacteria-infused
ovaries had more numerous, dilated blood vessels than CL observed in the contralateral
gonads. More neutrophils were found in CL of both ovaries in Gr. I as compared
to those observed in Gr. II. In Gr. II, single neutrophils were found also in
the stroma where the tip of the cannula was inserted. This study revealed that
in gilts, unilateral, intraovarian administration of bacteria did not change the
number of ovarian structures, the weight and size of the bacteria-infused and
contralateral ovary, but induced inflammatory changes in both ovaries
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