Are there Gender-specific Preferences for Location Factors? A Grouped Conditional Logit-Model of Interregional Migration Flows in Germany

The article analyses the question whether women and men differ in their tastes for location factors. The question is answered by quantifying the impact of location characteristics on interregional migration flows across Germany. The analysis is based on a grouped conditional logit approach. We augment the framework by controlling for violation of the independence of irrelevant alternatives assumption and for overdispersion. As a result, we find no differences in terms of direction of impact. However, the regressions confirm gender differences in terms of intensity, particularly regarding regional wage levels and the availability of educational institutions.labour mobility, gender economics, regional migration, discrete choice model

Determinants of Female Migration – The Case of German NUTS 3 Regions

Our study examines the regional patterns and determinants of migration flows of young women. At the NUTS-3 regional level, i.e. the district level (Kreise), the German internal migration flows of the year 2005 are explored. From descriptive statistics it can be seen that peripheral regions in East Germany face the strongest migration deficit with respect to young women, whereas agglomerations in West Germany but also in the East benefit from an intense migration surplus within this group. An econometric analysis of determinants of regional migration flows gives evidence of the importance of labour market, family-related and educational migration motives. Generally speaking, young women tend to choose regions with good income and job opportunities, in addition they seem to be attracted by regions enabling an appropriate balance between family and career. Furthermore the existence of excellent educational facilities is a significant influence for young women’s migration. This educationally motivated type of migration generates a long lasting effect on the regional migration balance, especially when the educational opportunities in the destination region are associated with adequate career perspectives for high qualified female graduates. In view of considerable losses due to migration, the study shows various options for action. An important course of action is to incorporate policy measures improving regional employment and income opportunities. Secondly, extending vocational and academic offers addressed to women seems to be a suitable way to stimulate women’s immigration. Moreover, enhancing the social infrastructure, which contributes to a satisfactory work life balance, might attract young women or at least reduce the number of them leaving a region.spatial mobility, population economics

Sectoral Movement as an Incentive for Interregional Migration

This work examines the potential connection between migration and sectoral movement. We understand interregional migration as a sustainable relocation of an individual's center of life between two regions. Different quality levels of the boundaries between the regions of the analysed area are considered. Sectoral movement is defined as the relative variation of the regional gross value added in the primary, secondary and tertiary sector. The chosen area to analyse is the Federal Republic of Germany. For the regional classification we use the hierarchic nomenclature NUTS1, provided by the Statistical Office of the European Communities, EUROSTAT. The investigated area consists of the 16 German Federal States. Along with the spatial relationships we analyze the influence of sectoral changes on the flows of migration between these regions during the years 1995 to 2002. The theoretical description of this migration is based on the observations of L.A. SJAASTAD(1962) as well as M.P. TODARO(1969) and J.R. HARRIS / M.P. TODARO (1970), who considered migration as a result of individual decisions due to a sophisticated complex process. Migration as an individual investment in human resources raises the question about the specific costs for an emigrant's human resources stock. When emigrating to a region, where he finds an adequate work, the emigration costs are lower. His tendency to migrate should hence be in accordance with the corresponding sectoral supply of employment. Therefore, we investigate the hypothesis, whether the tendency to migrate increases, if the sectoral gross value added of a region i rises relatively to a region j

Im Fokus: Potenziale qualifizierter Zuwanderung nach Ostdeutschland

Für die ostdeutsche Arbeitskräftenachfrage lässt sich auf Basis der demographischen Prognosen ein Engpass im Bereich des mittleren und hohen Qualifikationsniveaus vorhersagen, der nicht allein durch ein bisher nicht ausgeschöpftes Arbeitskräfteangebot gedeckt werden kann, sondern auch einer qualifizierten Zuwanderung bedarf. Der Beitrag beschreibt die verschiedenen möglichen Wege qualifizierter Zuwanderung nach Ostdeutschland: internationale Zuwanderung von außerhalb und innerhalb der Europäischen Union sowie nationale Binnenzuwanderung aus Westdeutschland. Ein Schwerpunkt untersucht die Auswirkungen der vollständigen Arbeitnehmerfreizügigkeit für polnische Staatsbürger zum 1. Mai 2011. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Emigranten aus dem Zusammenspiel von wirtschaftlicher Leistungsfähigkeit und bestehenden Netzwerken in der Zielregion Vorteile ziehen. Deshalb werden voraussichtlich vor allem die westdeutschen Wirtschaftszentren von einem ansteigenden polnischen Migrationsstrom profitieren. Die ostdeutschen Länder werden vielfach nur als Durchgangsregionen fungieren

Related Variety, Unrelated Variety and Regional Functions: Identifying Sources of Regional Employment Growth in Germany from 2003 to 2008

This article analyses how regional employment growth in Germany is affected by related variety, unrelated variety and the functions a region performs in the production process. Following the related variety literature, we argue that regions benefit from the existence of related activities that facilitate economic development. However, we argue that the sole reliance of related variety on standard industrial classifications remains debatable. Hence, we offer estimations for establishing that conceptual progress can indeed be made when a focus for analysis goes beyond solely considering industries. We develop an industry-function based approach of related and unrelated variety. Our findings suggest that related variety only in combination with a high functional specialization of the region facilitates regional growth in Germany. Additionally, also unrelated variety per se fails to wield influences affecting development of regions. It is rather unrelated, but functionally proximate variety in the groups “White Collar” and “Blue Collar Workers” positively affects regional employment growth.related variety, unrelated variety, regional functions, functional specialization

The Identification of Industrial Clusters – Methodical Aspects in a Multidimensional Framework for Cluster Identification

We use a combination of measures of spatial concentration, qualitative input-output analysis and innovation interaction matrices to identify the horizontal and vertical dimension of industrial clusters in Saxony in 2005. We describe the spatial allocation of the industrial clusters and show possibilities of vertical interaction of clusters based on intermediate goods flows. With the help of region and sector-specific knowledge interaction matrices we are able to show that a sole focus on intermediate goods flows limits the identification of innovative actors in industrial clusters, as knowledge flows and intermediate goods flows do not show any major overlaps.industrial clusters, qualitative input-output-analysis, innovation interaction matrix

Spillover Effects of Spatial Growth Poles - a Reconciliation of Conflicting Policy Targets?

Regional economic policy faces the challenge of two competing policy goals - reducing regional economic disparities vs. promoting economic growth. The allocation of public funds has to weigh these goals particularly under the restriction of scarce financial re- sources. If, however, some region turns out to be a regional growth pole with positive spillovers to its disadvantaged periphery, regional policies could be designed to recon- cile the conflicting targets. In this case, peripheral regions could indirectly participate in the economic development of their growing cores. We start our investigation by defining and identifying such growth poles among German regions on the NUTS 3 administrative level based on spatial and sectoral effects. Using cluster analysis, we determine significant characteristics for the general identification of growth poles. Patterns in the sectoral change are identified by means of the change in the employment. Finally, we analyze whether and to what extent these growth poles ex- ert spatial spillover effects on neighbouring regions and thus mitigate contradictory in- terests in regional public policy. For this purpose, we apply a Spatial-Cross-Regressive- Model (SCR-Model) including the change in the secondary sector which allows to con- sider functional economic relations on the administrative level chosen (NUTS 3).size and spatial distributions of regional economic activity, cross-sectional models, spatial models, treatment effect models, regional analyses, urban analyses, rural analyses

Im Fokus: Potenziale qualifizierter Zuwanderung nach Ostdeutschland

Für die ostdeutsche Arbeitskräftenachfrage lässt sich auf Basis der demographischen Prognosen ein Engpass im Bereich des mittleren und hohen Qualifikationsniveaus vorhersagen, der nicht allein durch ein bisher nicht ausgeschöpftes Arbeitskräfteangebot gedeckt werden kann, sondern auch einer qualifizierten Zuwanderung bedarf. Der Beitrag beschreibt die verschiedenen möglichen Wege qualifizierter Zuwanderung nach Ostdeutschland: internationale Zuwanderung von außerhalb und innerhalb der Europäischen Union sowie nationale Binnenzuwanderung aus Westdeutschland. Ein Schwerpunkt untersucht die Auswirkungen der vollständigen Arbeitnehmerfreizügigkeit für polnische Staatsbürger zum 1. Mai 2011. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Emigranten aus dem Zusammenspiel von wirtschaftlicher Leistungsfähigkeit und bestehenden Netzwerken in der Zielregion Vorteile ziehen. Deshalb werden voraussichtlich vor allem die westdeutschen Wirtschaftszentren von einem ansteigenden polnischen Migrationsstrom profitieren. Die ostdeutschen Länder werden vielfach nur als Durchgangsregionen fungieren.

The Identification of Regional Industrial Clusters Using Qualitative Input-Output Analysis

The ‘cluster theory’ has become one of the main concepts promoting regional competitiveness, innovation, and growth. As most studies focus on measures of concentration of one industrial branch in order to identify regional clusters, the appropriate analysis of specific vertical relations within a value-adding chain is developing in this discussion. This paper tries to identify interrelated sectors via national input-output tables with the help of Minimal Flow Analysis by Schnabl (1994). The regionalization of these national industry templates is carried out with the allocation of branch-specific production values on regional employment. As a result, the paper shows concentrations of vertical clusters in only 27 of 439 German NUTS-3 regions.industrial clusters, qualitative input-output analysis, vertical linkages

Upstream emissions for battery electric vehicles in the U.S. fleet regulation: environmental implications and carbon dioxide abatement potential

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency introduced Carbon Dioxide emission standards for Light-Duty-Vehicles, accounting for emissions associated to electric vehicles for the first time. This affects the incentives of manufacturers like AUDI to comply with the regulations. The purpose of this work is to contribute to a better understanding of the environmental implications of such regulations measured by the estimated total emissions. Therefore, a sensitivity analysis with respect to the most influential parameters is performed. Further, this work provides an indication of the real world CO2 emission savings potential of the regulatory framework, by examining different manufacturer’s compliance strategies