Microsurgical Techniques Used to Construct the Vascularized and Neurotized Tissue Engineered Bone

The lack of vascularization in the tissue engineered bone results in poor survival and ossification. Tissue engineered bone can be wrapped in the soft tissue flaps which are rich in blood supply to complete the vascularization in vivo by microsurgical technique, and the surface of the bone graft can be invaded with new vascular network. The intrinsic vascularization can be induced via a blood vessel or an arteriovenous loop located centrally in the bone graft by microsurgical technique. The peripheral nerve especially peptidergic nerve has effect on the bone regeneration. The peptidergic nerve can be used to construct the neurotized tissue engineered bone by implanting the nerve fiber into the center of bone graft. Thus, constructing a highly vascularized and neurotized tissue engineered bone according with the theory of biomimetics has become a useful method for repairing the large bone defect. Many researchers have used the microsurgical techniques to enhance the vascularization and neurotization of tissue engineered bone and to get a better osteogenesis effect. This review aims to summarize the microsurgical techniques mostly used to construct the vascularized and neurotized tissue engineered bone

Through-wall yield collapse pressure of casing based on unified strength theory

The unified algorithm of through-wall yield collapse pressure for casing with due consideration of strength differential (SD), yield-to-tensile strength ratio, material hardening and intermediate principal stress, which is suitable to calculate collapse strength of all casing has been obtained based on unified strength theory, and four classical through-wall yield collapse formulas of casing have been presented based on the L. Von Mises, TRESCA, GM and twin yield strength criterion. The calculated value is maximum based on the twin yield strength criterion, which can be used as upper limit of through-wall yield collapse pressure, and the calculated value is minimum based on the TRESCA strength criterion, which can be used as lower limit of through-wall yield collapse pressure in the design process. Numerical and experimental comparisons show that the equation proposed by this paper is much closer to the collapse testing values than that of other equations. Key words: unified strength theory, casing collapse, through-wall yield, collapse pressure, strength differential, intermediate principal stres

An experimental study on reshaping C110 deformed casing with spinning casing swage

Casing deformation affects the implementation of stimulation and development measures of oilfields directly; however, the reshaping force and torque usually are determined by experience when the deformed casing is repaired with the spinning reshaping technology; if the repairing force or torque is too large, it will result in the damage of casing and cement sheath as well as sticking accident. So, the collapse experiments were performed on the YAW-200 pressure testing machine by using one production casing which is often used in the oilfield and then the reshaping test of deformed casing (C110) was performed in turn by using two spinning casing swages of which the diameter is 126 mm and 129 mm respectively. The continuous rotator and thrust bearing were used to provide the torque and reshaping force respectively in the repairing process. The reshaping force and torque required to reshape the deformed casing, the deformation law and the springback value of deformed casing were obtained. Test results show that the diameter differential between the two spinning casing swages is reasonable. Furthermore, in order to ensure the safety and reliability of the implementation of post-production technologies, the mechanical properties of deformed casing before and after reshaping were tested. It was found that all the mechanical parameters of the deformed casing after reshaping reduced, which resulted in the decrease of the strength of the reshaped casing. These research achievements would provide important experimental data in optimizing the structure and construction parameters of spinning casing swages

Burst strength of tubing and casing based on twin shear unified strength theory.

The internal pressure strength of tubing and casing often cannot satisfy the design requirements in high pressure, high temperature and high H2S gas wells. Also, the practical safety coefficient of some wells is lower than the design standard according to the current API 5C3 standard, which brings some perplexity to the design. The ISO 10400: 2007 provides the model which can calculate the burst strength of tubing and casing better than API 5C3 standard, but the calculation accuracy is not desirable because about 50 percent predictive values are remarkably higher than real burst values. So, for the sake of improving strength design of tubing and casing, this paper deduces the plastic limit pressure of tubing and casing under internal pressure by applying the twin shear unified strength theory. According to the research of the influence rule of yield-to-tensile strength ratio and mechanical properties on the burst strength of tubing and casing, the more precise calculation model of tubing-casing's burst strength has been established with material hardening and intermediate principal stress. Numerical and experimental comparisons show that the new burst strength model is much closer to the real burst values than that of other models. The research results provide an important reference to optimize the tubing and casing design of deep and ultra-deep wells

Numerical Analysis of Flow Erosion on Sand Discharge Pipe in Nitrogen Drilling

In nitrogen drilling, entrained sand particles in the gas flow may cause erosive wear on metal surfaces and have a significant effect on the operational life of discharge pipelines, especially for elbows. In this paper, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations based code FLUENT is carried out to investigate the flow erosion on a sand discharge pipe in conjunction with an erosion model. The motion of the continuum phase is captured based on solving the three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations, while the kinematics and trajectory of the sand particles are evaluated by the discrete phase model (DPM). The flow field has been examined in terms of pressure, velocity, and erosion rate profiles along the flow path in the bend of the simulated discharge pipe. Effects of flow parameters such as inlet velocity, sandy volume fraction, and particle diameter and structure parameters such as pipe diameter and bend curvature are analyzed based on a series of numerical simulations. The results show that small pipe diameter or small bend curvature leads to serious erosion, while slow flow, little sandy volume fraction, and small particle diameter can weaken erosion. The results obtained from the present work provide useful guidance to practical operation and discharge pipe design

Microsurgical Techniques Used to Construct the Vascularized and Neurotized Tissue Engineered Bone

The lack of vascularization in the tissue engineered bone results in poor survival and ossification. Tissue engineered bone can be wrapped in the soft tissue flaps which are rich in blood supply to complete the vascularization in vivo by microsurgical technique, and the surface of the bone graft can be invaded with new vascular network. The intrinsic vascularization can be induced via a blood vessel or an arteriovenous loop located centrally in the bone graft by microsurgical technique. The peripheral nerve especially peptidergic nerve has effect on the bone regeneration. The peptidergic nerve can be used to construct the neurotized tissue engineered bone by implanting the nerve fiber into the center of bone graft. Thus, constructing a highly vascularized and neurotized tissue engineered bone according with the theory of biomimetics has become a useful method for repairing the large bone defect. Many researchers have used the microsurgical techniques to enhance the vascularization and neurotization of tissue engineered bone and to get a better osteogenesis effect. This review aims to summarize the microsurgical techniques mostly used to construct the vascularized and neurotized tissue engineered bone