Collateral Value and Forbearance Lending

We investigate the foreclosure policy of collateral-based loans in which the endogenous collateral value plays a crucial role. If creditors are able to commit, then the equilibrium arrangement is more likely to feature forebearance lending by specifying a lower level of liquidation (or roll over all of the loans) relative to the expost efficiency criterion for each realization of the interim signal. The key is that collateral value may drop too low when banks call in loans by auctioning off borrowers¿ collateral and this makes clearing up non-performing loans less attractive. We attribute the banks¿ leniency as we have observed in Japan during the 1990s to an equilibrium arrangement where banks can commit due to either relationship banking or an implicit lenderborrower contract, such as the arrangement under Japan¿s main-bank system.Collateral value, forbearance lending, government guarantee.

Functional interaction between Env oncogene from Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus and tumor suppressor Sprouty2

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) is a type D retrovirus capable of transforming target cells <it>in vitro </it>and <it>in vivo</it>. The Envelope <it>(Env) </it>gene from JSRV and from related retroviruses can induce oncogenic transformation, although the detailed mechanism is yet to be clearly understood. Host cell factors are envisaged to play a critical determining role in the regulation of <it>Env</it>-mediated cell transformation.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>JSRV <it>Env</it>-mediated transformation of a lung adenocarcinoma cell line induced rapid proliferation, anchorage-independent growth and tumor formation, but completely abrogated the migration ability. An analysis of the signaling scenario in the transformed cells suggested the involvement of the ERK pathway regulated by Sprouty2 in cell migration, and the PI3K-Akt and STAT3 pathways in proliferation and anchorage-independence. On the other hand, in a normal lung epithelial cell line, <it>Env</it>-mediated transformation only decreased the migration potential while the other functions remained unaltered. We observed that <it>Env </it>induced the expression of a tumor suppressor, Sprouty2, suggesting a correlation between <it>Env</it>-effect and Sprouty2 expression. Overexpression of Sprouty2 <it>per se </it>not only decreased the migratory potential and tumor formation potential of the target cells but also made them resistant to subsequent <it>Env</it>-mediated transformation. On the other hand, over expression of the functional mutants of Sprouty2 had no inhibitory effect, confirming the role of Sprouty2 as a tumor suppressor.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our studies demonstrate that <it>Env </it>and Sprouty2 have a functional relationship, probably through shared signaling network. Sprouty2 functions as a tumor suppressor regulating oncogenic transformation of cells, and it therefore has the potential to be exploited as a therapeutic anti-cancer agent.</p

Purification and Characterization of Enterovirus 71 Viral Particles Produced from Vero Cells Grown in a Serum-Free Microcarrier Bioreactor System

[[abstract]]Background: Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infections manifest most commonly as a childhood exanthema known as hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) and can cause neurological disease during acute infection. Principal Finding: In this study, we describe the production, purification and characterization of EV71 virus produced from Vero cells grown in a five-liter serum-free bioreactor system containing 5 g/L Cytodex 1 microcarrier. The viral titer was >106 TCID50/mL by 6 days post infection when a MOI of 10?5 was used at the initial infection. Two EV71 virus fractions were separated and detected when the harvested EV71 virus concentrate was purified by sucrose gradient zonal ultracentrifugation. The EV71 viral particles detected in the 24–28% sucrose fractions had an icosahedral structure 30–31 nm in diameter and had low viral infectivity and RNA content. Three major viral proteins (VP0, VP1 and VP3) were observed by SDS-PAGE. The EV71 viral particles detected in the fractions containing 35–38% sucrose were 33–35 nm in size, had high viral infectivity and RNA content, and were composed of four viral proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3 and VP4), as shown by SDS-PAGE analyses. The two virus fractions were formalin-inactivated and induced high virus neutralizing antibody responses in mouse immunogenicity studies. Both mouse antisera recognized the immunodominant linear neutralization epitope of VP1 (residues 211–225). Conclusion:These results provide important information for cell-based EV71 vaccine development, particularly for the preparation of working standards for viral antigen quantification

Human SCARB2-Mediated Entry and Endocytosis of EV71

Enterovirus (EV) 71 infection is known to cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) and in severe cases, induces neurological disorders culminating in fatality. An outbreak of EV71 in South East Asia in 1997 affected over 120,000 people and caused neurological disorders in a few individuals. The control of EV71 infection through public health interventions remains minimal and treatments are only symptomatic. Recently, human scavenger receptor class B, member 2 (SCARB2) has been reported to be a cellular receptor of EV71. We expressed human SCARB2 gene in NIH3T3 cells (3T3-SCARB2) to study the mechanisms of EV71 entry and infection. We demonstrated that human SCARB2 serves as a cellular receptor for EV71 entry. Disruption of expression of SCARB2 using siRNAs can interfere EV71 infection and subsequent inhibit the expression of viral capsid proteins in RD and 3T3-SCARB2 but not Vero cells. SiRNAs specific to clathrin or dynamin or chemical inhibitor of clathrin-mediated endocytosis were all capable of interfering with the entry of EV71 into 3T3-SCARB2 cells. On the other hand, caveolin specific siRNA or inhibitors of caveolae-mediated endocytosis had no effect, confirming that only clathrin-mediated pathway was involved in EV71 infection. Endocytosis of EV71 was also found to be pH-dependent requiring endosomal acidification and also required intact membrane cholesterol. In summary, the mechanism of EV71 entry through SCARB2 as the receptor for attachment, and its cellular entry is through a clathrin-mediated and pH-dependent endocytic pathway. This study on the receptor and endocytic mechanisms of EV71 infection is useful for the development of effective medications and prophylactic treatment against the enterovirus

Collateral value and forbearance lending

We investigate the foreclosure policy of collateral-based loans in which the endogenous collateral value plays a crucial role. If creditors are able to commit, then the equilibrium arrangement is more likely to feature forebearance lending by specifying a lower level of liquidation (or roll over all of the loans) relative to the expost efficiency criterion for each realization of the interim signal. The key is that collateral value may drop too low when banks call in loans by auctioning off borrowers¿ collateral and this makes clearing up non-performing loans less attractive. We attribute the banks¿ leniency as we have observed in Japan during the 1990s to an equilibrium arrangement where banks can commit due to either relationship banking or an implicit lenderborrower contract, such as the arrangement under Japan¿s main-bank system

Effect of injecting sex steroids into Taiwan Country Chicken during embryo development stage on the growth, reproductive performance, and behavior

本研究的目的乃為瞭解雞胚發育過程中注射性固醇對雞隻生長性能及性腺發育的影響。 試驗一選用中興大學育成之DL2二品系雜交土雞作為試驗雞隻，將雌二醇溶於胡麻油中對入孵10日齡的種蛋進行注射處理，而其對照組則未進行處理；試驗二則以L2品系台灣土雞為試驗雞隻，分別於胚0日齡注射溶於胡麻油的雌二醇、睪固酮、雌二醇的抑制劑tamoxifen及chrysin，並以注射胡麻油者為對照組。試驗一以同處理同性別飼養於同欄，而試驗二則以同處理的雌雄雞隻混飼於同欄中。調查性狀包括生長性能與繁殖性能，試驗二雞隻並於17週齡時進行混欄，以觀察各處理組在混欄族群中之行為及社會地位。 試驗結果顯示：試驗一以雌二醇處理的雄雞在9週齡時的體重顯著較未處理組重，而雌雞則顯著較輕；到26週齡後，不論雄雞或雌雞，處理間皆無顯著差異。試驗二中，注射chrysin的雄雞在4週齡及8週齡時的體重皆顯著較其他組低。而睪固酮處理組則在16週齡時體重顯著較其他組輕。雌二醇雄雞在16週齡以後體重皆為五個處理組中最重的。而雌雞的體重以睪固酮處理組在初生及12至20週齡時為各處理組中最輕，其他處理組在各週齡時皆無顯著差異。雞冠面積方面，試驗一的雄、雌雞冠面積在15週齡之前，經雌二醇處理過的都較控制組小，但在達到性成熟後則雄、雌雞隻冠面積與未處理組並無顯著差異。試驗二中，雌二醇處理組的雄雞冠面積在8至20週的生長期都是5個處理組中最小的，而睪固酮處理組的雞冠面積在16週齡時也較小。而雌雞的雞冠面積除了注射雌二醇組在60週齡時顯著較其他各組為小以外，在其他任何週齡各組間都沒有顯著性差異。在繁殖性狀方面，試驗一中以雌二醇處理的雄雞無法順利採得精液，但採得的精液並不影響其授精能力。在試驗二中，注射雌二醇處理的雄雞均無法被採得精液，其餘各組雄雞均可被順利採得精液，且其品質並沒有顯著差異。犧牲觀察性腺發育情形的結果顯示，試驗一不論是雌二醇處理或未處理組的雄雞的睪丸發育並無顯著差異，而經組織切片觀察可知兩組生精細管內的生精作用正常，只是以雌二醇處理的雄雞睪丸有較多異常及退化的生精細管。而試驗二中注射雌二醇處理的雄雞睪丸發育則呈現出不規則的形狀，且輸精管發育成類似正常雌雞輸卵管的形態。經切片顯示其睪丸內仍具有生精細管，只是約有10％至30％為發育異常，但大部分生精細管皆有生精作用；而其他處理組的雄雞睪丸與輸精管在發育上並無異常現象。試驗一與試驗二中以雌二醇處理的雌雞產蛋能力幾乎完全被抑制，經解剖後得知為排出的卵墜入腹腔所引起。由解剖可發現雌二醇處理的雌雞左右兩側輸卵管皆有發育，但較正常雌雞來的小。其他處理組的雌雞則僅左側發育出單一且較大的輸卵管。而試驗二將所有雞隻分成三種類型的混欄，觀察行為發生頻率與社會階級的結果顯示，0日齡胚注射胡麻油、雌二醇、睪固酮、tamoxifen及chrysin對雌、雄雞隻鬥爭頻率並沒有顯著的改變，而使不同處理的雞隻在三種混欄中的社會階級皆相當一致。而雌二醇組雄雞的性行為完全未表現。 綜合試驗結果可以發現，在胚發育時期注射雌二醇處理會影響雌雄雞隻生殖系統的分化；在雌雞方面，不論是在0日齡或10日齡注射都會使兩側的輸卵管發育，但較正常雌雞輕且短；在雄雞方面，0日齡注射會使性腺發育出不規則的形狀，且輸精管會發育成類似雌雞的輸卵管，並且降低雄雞的性行為；而10日齡注射組在達性成熟後睪丸的外觀與正常雄雞在肉眼上並無差異，但會使其無法順利採得精液。The purpose of this study was to realize the effect of injecting sex steroids during embryo development stage on the growth and sex organ development of chickens. The DL2 strain-cross Taiwan Country chicken, established at the National Chung-Hsing University, were used in Experiment 1 (Ex1). Chicks hatched from eggs injected with estradiol after 10 days of incubation were used as the treated group, and those hatched from untreated eggs were used as the control in Experiment 1. The Taiwan Country chicken L2 strain chicken were used in Experiment 2 (Ex2). The hatching eggs of the treated groups were injected with estradiol, testosterone, or the estradiol inhibitors, tamoxifen and chrysin, right before incubation (0-day embryo). Those of the control were injected with sesame oil. Chicks of the same sex and the same treatment were raised in the same pen in Ex1, and males and females of the same treatment were intermingled in Ex2. Traits studied included growth and reproduction performance. In Ex2, chickens from different treatments were intermingled at 17 weeks of age to observe their behavior and social status in the intermingled pen. Experiments results are as follows: In Ex1, the body weight of the male from the estradiol group was significantly heavier than the control at 9 weeks of age, but the female was lighter than the control. However, in neither males nor females, any significant treatment difference was found after 26 weeks of age. In Ex2, the body weight of males from the chrysin group was significantly lighter than other groups at 4 and 8 weeks of age. The male from the testosterone group was lighter than other groups at 16 weeks of age. The estradiol male had heavier body weight than other groups after 16 weeks of age. For the female body weight, the testosterone group was the lightest at hatch, and from 12 to 20 weeks of age. For the comb size in Ex1, those of both males and females of the estradiol group were smaller than the control before 16 weeks of age. However, this difference disappeared after they reached sexual maturity. In Ex2, the comb size of the estradiol male was the smallest among 5 treated groups from 8 to 20 weeks of age. The male of the testosterone group also had smaller comb size at 16 weeks of age. For the female comb size, except for the comb size of the estradiol female at 60 weeks of age was significantly smaller than other groups, no significant treatment difference was found at any other ages. For reproduction traits, it was very difficult to collect semen from the estradiol males in Ex1, but only if the semen was collected, it had normal fertilizing ability. In Ex2, no semen could be collected from the estradiol male, while semen with normal quality could be collected easily from males of the other groups. Results of anatomy showed that males from both the estradiol treated and the control groups in Ex1 developed normal testicles. Histological examination revealed that the seminiferous tubules of both groups had normal active spermatogenesis, but the testes of the estradiol male have more abnormal and degenerated seminiferous tubules. In Ex2, the estradiol male developed irregular-shaped testis, and the conformation and structure of vas deferens are similar to the oviducts of normal female. Histological examination revealed that the testis had seminiferous tubules. Although 10-30% of it was abnormally developed, most tubules showed normal spermatogenesis. In other groups, no abnormality was found in the development of testes and vas deferens in males. The egg production of the estradiol female in both experiments was almost completely lost. Anatomy revealed that ovulated yolks dropped into the abdominal cavity. The estradiol females developed small oviducts on both sides while others developed only one but large on the left side. In Ex2, in order to understand the behavior and social status difference, chickens from different treatment groups were intermingled in floor pens. Neither frequency of agonistic behavior nor dominance ability showed any significant difference among treatments. However, the estradiol male never showed any sexual behavior.壹、中文摘要------------------------------------------------1 貳、前言----------------------------------------------------4 參、文獻檢討-----------------------------------------------6 一、雞胚的分化--------------------------------------------6 (一)受精-----------------------------------------------6 (二)胚的發育-------------------------------------------7 1、輸卵管內的發育---------------------------------7 2、生殖系的形成-----------------------------------8 二、性別決定與性腺分化------------------------------------10 (一)性別的決定----------------------------------------10 (二)雄雞性腺的分化與發育-----------------------------11 1、生精小管--------------------------------------11 2、間質細胞--------------------------------------11 3、睪丸網----------------------------------------13 (三)雌雞性腺的分化與發育-----------------------------13 1、左側卵巢--------------------------------------13 2、右側卵巢--------------------------------------14 (四)性別分化系統--------------------------------------14 (五)性別轉換------------------------------------------15 三、雄雌雞隻生殖系統之構造--------------------------------16 (一)雄雞生殖系統構造----------------------------------16 1、睪丸------------------------------------------16 2、睪丸旁導管系統--------------------------------20 3、輸精管----------------------------------------21 4、生精作用--------------------------------------21 5、精液------------------------------------------22 (1)精漿-----------------------------------------22 (2)精子-----------------------------------------23 (二)雌雞生殖系統構造----------------------------------12 1、卵巢------------------------------------------27 2、輸卵管----------------------------------------28 (1)繖部-----------------------------------------28 (2)膨大部--------------------------------------29 (3)峽部-----------------------------------------29 (4)子宮-----------------------------------------29 (5)陰道-----------------------------------------30 四、性腺類固醇之生成與作用--------------------------------30 (一)性腺類固醇之種類----------------------------------31 1、雄性素----------------------------------------31 2、動情素----------------------------------------32 3、助孕素----------------------------------------32 (二)生物合成及合成位置-------------------------------32 1、雄性素----------------------------------------32 2、動情素----------------------------------------36 (三)荷爾蒙的抑制劑------------------------------------37 (四)性腺類固醇的作用----------------------------------37 1、生精作用--------------------------------------38 2、行為------------------------------------------38 五、台灣土雞的特性----------------------------------------39 (一)體型外貌------------------------------------------39 (二)生產性能------------------------------------------40 1、生長性能--------------------------------------40 2、產蛋性能--------------------------------------40 3、行為特性與管理問題----------------------------41 4、雄雌合飼在雞隻飼養管理上的應用----------------42 肆、材料與方法--------------------------------------------43 一、試驗雞隻----------------------------------------------43 二、試驗處理----------------------------------------------43 三、試驗雞舍----------------------------------------------44 四、飼養管理----------------------------------------------46 五、測定項目----------------------------------------------46 (一)生長性狀------------------------------------------46 (二)繁殖性狀------------------------------------------47 (三)不同處理組混欄後之行為觀察與相對之社會地位-------50 六、統計分析----------------------------------------------51 (一)處理間體重、雞冠面積之分析------------------------51 (二)性腺重量、輸卵管重量與輸卵管長度之分析------------52 (三)鬥爭行為、性行為、啄羽行為-------------------------54 (四)處理間相對的社會地位-----------------------------55 伍、結果與討論----------------------------------------------57 一、孵化率------------------------------------------------57 二、生長性狀----------------------------------------------58 (一)體重----------------------------------------------58 (二)雞冠面積------------------------------------------66 三、繁殖性狀----------------------------------------------71 (一)初生雛泄殖腔誤判比例-----------------------------71 (二)雄雞繁殖性狀--------------------------------------73 1、精液品質--------------------------------------73 2、睪丸形態、重量與組織切片-----------------------78 (三)雌雞繁殖性狀--------------------------------------96 1、產蛋性能--------------------------------------96 2、卵巢重、輸卵管重與輸卵管長度------------------99 四、鬥爭行為、性行為與啄羽-----------------------------108 (一)鬥爭行為頻率-------------------------------------108 (二)性行為頻率---------------------------------------112 (三)啄羽行為-----------------------------------------112 五、處理間的社會地位-------------------------------------116 陸、結論---------------------------------------------------120 柒、參考文獻-----------------------------------------------122 捌、附錄---------------------------------------------------131 玖、英文摘要-----------------------------------------------133 表 次 表1、試驗一不同處理雄雞於0、9、26及52週齡時體重之平均與標準偏差-----------------------------------------------59 表2、試驗一不同處理雌雞於0、9、26及52週齡時體重之平均與標準偏差-----------------------------------------------60 表3、試驗二不同處理雄雞於0、4、8、12、16、20及60週齡時體重之平均與標準偏差-------------------------------------62 表4、試驗二不同處理雌雞於0、4、8、12、16、20及60週齡時體重之平均與標準偏差-------------------------------------63 表5、試驗二不同處理雄雞於不同飼養階段之體增重平均與標準偏差-----------------------------------------------------64 表6、試驗二不同處理雌雞於不同飼養階段之體增重平均與標準偏差-----------------------------------------------------65 表7、試驗一不同處理雄雞於9、15、26及52週齡時冠面積之平均與標準偏差---------------------------------------------67 表8、試驗一不同處理雌雞於9、15、26及52週齡時冠面積之平均與標準偏差---------------------------------------------68 表9、試驗二不同處理雄雞於8、12、16、20及60週齡時冠面積之平均與標準偏差-----------------------------------------69 表10、試驗二不同處理雌雞於8、12、16、20及60週齡時冠面積之平均與標準偏差--------------------------------------70 表11、胚期注射不同性類固醇對台灣土雞初生性別誤判比例的比較----------------------------------------------------72 表12、試驗一不同處理組雄雞於26週齡之精液品質-------------75 表13、試驗一不同處理組雄雞平均授精率----------------------76 表14、試驗二不同處理組雄雞於46週齡之精液品質-------------77 表15、試驗一不同處理組雄雞52週齡時睪丸平均重及占活體重百分比--------------------------------------------------80 表16、試驗二不同處理組雄雞60週齡時平均性腺(睪丸)重及占活體重百分比--------------------------------------------87 表17、試驗一不同處理組雌從21週到40週齡產蛋情況之比較----------------------------------------------------97 表18、試驗二不同處理組雌從29週到35週齡產蛋情況之比較----------------------------------------------------98 表19、試驗一不同處理對台灣土雞雌隻52週齡時卵巢重量、輸卵管重及輸卵管長度之平均與標準偏差--------------------102 表20、試驗二不同處理對台灣土雞雌隻60週齡時卵巢重量、輸卵管重及輸卵管長度之平均與標準偏差--------------------103 表21、試驗二第一類混欄後觀察到雞隻鬥爭行為頻率-----------109 表22、試驗二第二類混欄後觀察到雞隻鬥爭行為頻率-----------110 表23、試驗二第三類混欄後觀察到雞隻鬥爭行為頻率-----------111 表24、試驗二第一類混欄後觀察到雞隻性行為頻率-------------113 表25、試驗二第二類混欄後觀察到雞隻性行為頻率-------------114 表26、試驗二第三類混欄後觀察到雞隻性行為頻率-------------115 表27、試驗二第一類混欄後五種處理組雄雌雞第1、第4和第8 天的社會階級指數---------------------------------------117 表28、試驗二第二類混欄後四種處理組雄雌雞第1、第4和第8 天的社會階級指數---------------------------------------118 表29、試驗二第三類混欄後四種處理組雄雌雞第1、第4和第8 天的社會階級指數---------------------------------------119 圖 次 圖1、中性性腺發育為胚睪丸或卵巢之圖示----------------------12 圖2、雄雞生殖系統------------------------------------------17 圖3、生精小管橫切面圖--------------------------------------18 圖4、生精小管、睪丸網與輸精管之關係圖----------------------19 圖5、雌雞生殖系統------------------------------------------24 圖6、濾泡構造圖--------------------------------------------25 圖7、家禽輸卵管的切面圖------------------------------------26 圖8、助孕酮、雄性素與動情素的生物合成途徑-----------------33 圖9、類固醇在睪丸中的生物合成途徑--------------------------34 圖10、類固醇在濾泡中的生物合成途徑-------------------------35 圖11、未處理組雄雞正常的生殖突-----------------------------74 圖12、10日齡胚注射雌二醇組雄雞生殖突發育不良的情形--------74 圖13、10日齡胚注射雌二醇組雄雞生殖突發育不良的情形--------74 圖14、未處理組雄雞睪丸發育的情形---------------------------79 圖15、10日齡胚注射雌二醇組雄雞睪丸發育的情形--------------79 圖16、正常雄雞的睪丸與輸精管形態---------------------------81 圖17、0日齡胚注射雌二醇的睪丸與輸精管形態-----------------81 圖18、0日齡胚注射雌二醇的睪丸與輸精管形態-----------------82 圖19、0日齡胚注射雌二醇的雄雞發育類似卵巢，且輸精管的形態似雌雞的輸卵管----------------------------------------82 圖20、10日齡胚注射雌二醇組雄雞睪丸切片圖------------------83 圖21、10日齡胚注射雌二醇組雄雞睪丸切片圖------------------83 圖22、10日齡胚注射雌二醇組雄雞睪丸切片圖------------------84 圖23、10日齡胚注射雌二醇組雄雞睪丸切片圖------------------84 圖24、未處理組雄雞睪丸組織切片圖---------------------------85 圖25、0日齡胚注射胡麻油組雄雞睪丸切片圖-------------------89 圖26、0日齡胚注射胡麻油組雄雞睪丸切片圖-------------------89 圖27、0日齡胚注射胡麻油組雄雞輸精管切片圖-----------------90 圖28、0日齡胚注射雌二醇組雄雞睪丸切片圖-------------------90 圖29、0日齡胚注射雌二醇組雄雞睪丸切片圖-------------------91 圖30、0日齡胚注射雌二醇組雄雞輸精管切片圖-----------------91 圖31、0日齡胚注射chrysin組雄雞睪丸切片圖-----------------92 圖32、0日齡胚注射chrysin組雄雞輸精管切片圖----------------92 圖33、0日齡胚注射tamoxifen組雄雞睪丸切片圖---------------93 圖34、0日齡胚注射tamoxifen組雄雞輸精管切片圖-------------93 圖35、0日齡胚注射睪固酮組雄雞睪丸切片圖-------------------94 圖36、0日齡胚注射睪固酮組雄雞輸精管切片圖-----------------94 圖37、未處理組性成熟後雌雞腹脂的顏色----------------------100 圖38、10日齡胚注射雌二醇組性成熟後雌雞腹脂的顏色---------100 圖39、未處理組雌雞生殖系統之解剖照片----------------------101 圖40、10日齡胚注射雌二醇組雌雞發育出之左右輸卵管照片-----101 圖41、0日齡胚注射胡麻油組雌雞輸卵管組織切片圖------------105 圖42、0日齡胚注射雌二醇組雌雞輸卵管組織切片圖------------105 圖43、0日齡胚注射睪固酮組雌雞輸卵管組織切片--------------106 圖44、0日齡胚注射tamoxifen組雌雞輸卵管組織切片圖---------106 圖45、0日齡胚注射chrysin組雌雞輸卵管組織切片圖-----------107 附 表 次 附表1、試驗日糧組成---------------------------------------13

Weissellicin 110, a Newly Discovered Bacteriocin from Weissella cibaria 110, Isolated from Plaa-Som, a Fermented Fish Product from Thailand

Weissella cibaria 110, isolated from the Thai fermented fish product plaa-som, was found to produce a bacteriocin active against some gram-positive bacteria. Bacteriocin activity was not eliminated by exposure to high temperatures or catalase but was destroyed by exposure to the proteolytic enzymes proteinase K and trypsin. The bacteriocin from W. cibaria 110 was purified, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the purified bacteriocin contained one protein band that was approximately 2.5 kDa in size. Mass spectrometry analysis showed the mass of the peptide to be approximately 3,487.8 Da. N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis was performed, and 27 amino acids were identified. Because it has no similarity to other known bacteriocins, this bacteriocin was defined as a new bacteriocin and termed weissellicin 110