26 research outputs found

    Hydrogen blending effect on fiscal and metrological instrumentation: A review

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    A green hydrogen (H2) economy requires a sustainable, efficient, safe, and widespread infrastructure for transporting and distributing H2 from production to consumption sites. Transporting a hydrogen/natural gas (H2NG) mixture, including pure H2, through the existing European natural gas (NG) infrastructure is considered a cost-effective solution, particularly in the transitional phase. Several reasons justify the H2NG blending option. The NG infrastructure can be efficiently repurposed to transport H2, by blending H2 with NG, to operate as H2 daily storage, matching production and demand and to enable large-scale seasonal H2 storage. Although many benefits exist, the potential of existing NG grids for transporting and distributing green H2 may face limitations due to technical, economic, or normative concerns. This paper focuses on the state of the art of the European NG transmission and distribution metrology normative framework and identifies the gaps to be filled in case of H2NG flowing into the existing grids. The paper was revised to provide a comprehensive analysis of the practical implications resulting from the H2NG blend option

    Polish 2010 growth references for school-aged children and adolescents

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    Growth references are useful in monitoring a child's growth, which is an essential part of child care. The aim of this paper was to provide updated growth references for Polish school-aged children and adolescents and show the prevalence of overweight and obesity among them. Growth references for height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were constructed with the lambda, mu, sigma (LMS) method using data from a recent, large, population-representative sample of school-aged children and adolescents in Poland (n = 17,573). The prevalence of overweight and obesity according to the International Obesity Taskforce definition was determined with the use of LMSGrowth software. Updated growth references for Polish school-aged children and adolescents were compared with Polish growth references from the 1980s, the Warsaw 1996–1999 reference, German, and 2000 CDC references. A positive secular trend in height was observed in children and adolescents from 7 to 15 years of age. A significant shift of the upper tail of the BMI distribution occurred, especially in Polish boys at younger ages. The prevalence of overweight or obesity was 18.7% and 14.1% in school-aged boys and girls, respectively. The presented height, weight, and BMI references are based on a current, nationally representative sample of Polish children and adolescents without known disorders affecting growth. Changes in the body size of children and adolescents over the last three decades suggest an influence of the changing economical situation on anthropometric indices

    Gas meters high pressure calibration – closed-loop test stand

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    W artykule przedstawiono stosowane obecnie zasady badania i wzorcowania gazomierzy przy ciśnieniu roboczym. Poprawne wzorcowanie gazomierza jest kluczem do zapewnienia właściwej dokładności pomiaru. Omówiono zasady badania i weryfikacji gazomierzy w zależności od ciśnienia roboczego według norm europejskich EN 12480, EN 12261 oraz zaleceń OIML. Przybliżono również zagadnienie wzorcowania gazomierzy przy użyciu alternatywnych gazów – jako medium roboczego w instalacjach wysokociśnieniowych. Przedstawiono ogólny zarys stanowiska pomiarowego z zamkniętą pętlą wraz z opisem podstawowych elementów stanowiska.The article presents the rules currently applicable, for testing and calibration of gas meters at operating pressure. The proper calibration of gas meters is key to ensuring accuracy of the reading. The principles of testing and verification of meters, depending on the pressure according to European standards EN 12480, EN 12261 and OIML requirements are presented. Also the issue of the calibration of gas meters using alternative gases as the working medium in high-pressure closed-loops is presented. The overview of a measuring stand with a closed-loop and description of its basic elements are presented

    Rope transport ground systems supporting urban public transport – historical solutions

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    W artykule przedstawiono historyczne, powstałe na przełomie XIX i XX wieku, rozwiązania techniczne różnych środków transportu miejskiego połączonych z naziemnymi systemami transportu linowego – tzw. połączeń hybrydowych. Opisano pierwsze połączenie systemów tramwajów linowych z wagonami kolejowymi, które funkcjonowało w Nowym Jorku jako środek transportu zapewniający przeprawę przez Most Brookliński.Przedstawiona została rozbudowa tego systemu, która zapewniła przepustowość przewozową na poziomie 30 milionów osób rocznie. Artykuł przedstawia również rozwiązania hybrydowe kolei linowo-terenowych służących do transportu tramwajów konnych i elektrycznych w Cincinnati oraz w Hoboken, USA. Były one szeroko stosowane w miejscach o dużych nachyleniach, których tramwaje nie były w stanie pokonać. Ponadto szczegółowo opisano istniejące rozwiązanie tramwaju elektrycznego we włoskim Trieście, którego trasa jest częściowo obsługiwana przez kolej linowo- terenową. Artykuł zawiera opis poszczególnych elementów tego systemu i udoskonalenia wprowadzane podczas całego okresu eksploatacji. Kolej linowo-terenowa, obsługująca najbardziej stromy odcinek trasy, została również opisana z uwzględnieniem zmieniających się rozwiązań technicznych pojazdów na przestrzeni prawie osiemdziesięcioletniej eksploatacji.The article presents technical solutions of historical means of public transport connected with rope transport ground systems operated at the turn of the 19 century – so called „the hybrids”. Especially it shows a connection between elements of a cable car system with train carriages, which was installed and operated at the Brooklyn Bridge in New York up to the year 1908. Extension of this transportation system has enabled carrying up to 30 million passengers annually. Additionally, the purpose-built funiculars with platforms are presented in the article. They were adapted to carry horse and electric trams to ensure consistency of transport at local hills in Cincinnati and in Hoboken, USA. Moreover, the article presents characteristics of electric tram operating in Trieste, in Italy which has a track partly supported by a funicular system. The main elements of this transportation system and their development during the operation period are described. The funicular system, installed at the steepest part of the track, was described in terms of technical solutions for carriers during eighty years of the operation

    Blood Pressure Rhythmicity and Visceral Fat in Children With Hypertension

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