18 research outputs found

    Role of Caustic Addition in Bitumen-Clay Interactions

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    Coating of bitumen by clays, known as slime coating, is detrimental to bitumen recovery from oil sands using the warm slurry extn. process. Sodium hydroxide (caustic) is added to the extn. process to balance many competing processing challenges, which include undesirable slime coating. The current research aims at understanding the role of caustic addn. in controlling interactions of bitumen with various types of model clays. The interaction potential was studied by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). After confirming the slime coating potential of montmorillonite clays on bitumen in the presence of calcium ions, the interaction of kaolinite and illite with bitumen was studied. To represent more closely the industrial applications, tailings water from bitumen extn. tests at different caustic dosage was used. At caustic dosage up to 0.5 wt % oil sands ore, a negligible coating of kaolinite on the bitumen was detd. However, at a lower level of caustic addn., illite was shown to attach to the bitumen, with the interaction potential decreasing with increasing caustic dosage. Increasing concn. of humic acids as a result of increasing caustic dosage was identified to limit the interaction potential of illite with bitumen. This fundamental study clearly shows that the crit. role of caustics in modulating interactions of clays with bitumen depends upon the type of clays. Thus, clay type was identified as a key operational variable

    The surface properties of humus acids fractions extracted from the selected soil

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    Specyficzna struktura chemiczna zwi膮zk贸w humusowych, zawarto艣膰 grup funkcyjnych pe艂ni膮cych rol臋 centr贸w ad sorpcyjnych oraz niesta艂o艣膰 sk艂adu pierwiastkowego sprawiaj膮, 偶e materia艂 organiczny jest uwa偶any za bardzo skomplikowany i trudny do pomiar贸w, zw艂aszcza bada艅 powierzchniowych. W niniejszej pracy przeprowadzono pomiary powierzchni w艂a艣ciwej kwas贸w humusowych (kwasu huminowego i frakcji fulwokwas贸w 脽-humusu) metodami opartymi na podstawach ad sorpcyjnych. Stosowano w tym celu adsorbat polarny - par臋 wodn膮 oraz apolarny - azot. Przy zastosowaniu niskotemperaturowej adsorpcji azotu (metod膮 chromatograficzn膮) oznaczano powierzchni臋 w艂a艣ciw膮 zewn臋trzn膮. Na podstawie za艣 izoterm adsorpcji pary wodnej w 20 i 40掳C wyznaczono powierzchni臋 w艂a艣ciw膮 ca艂kowit膮 i molow膮 energi臋 adsorpcji dla monowarstwy badanego adsorbenta. Powierzchnia w艂a艣ciwa ca艂kowita kwas贸w huminowych mie艣ci艂a si臋 w przedziale od 201 do 238 m2/g, za艣 脽-humusu od 319 do 385 m2/g. Powierzchnia za艣 zewn臋trzna kwas贸w huminowych wynios艂a ok. 1 m2/g, za艣 dla 脽-humusu ok. 34,5 m2/g. Du偶e r贸偶nice sorpcji azotu i pary wodnej na preparatach kwas贸w pr贸chnicznych s膮 efektem skomplikowanego mechanizmu adsorpcji adsorbatem polarnym i apolarnym na tym preparacie. Uzyskane du偶e wielko艣ci powierzchni w艂a艣ciwej mierzonej par膮 wodn膮 na preparatach kwas贸w humusowych oraz kszta艂t izoterm adsorpcji wskazuj膮, 偶e pod wp艂ywem dzia艂ania pary wodnej nast臋puje ruch cz膮steczek pary wodnej wewn膮trz i ich adsorpcja na centrach aktywnych 7, powy偶szego wynika, 偶e wytworzona w stanie uwilgotnionym mikrostruktura kwasu humusowego jest nietrwa艂a, za艣 po wysuszeniu tego kwasu (niezale偶nie od metody suszenia), ta mikrostruktura zanika, nast臋puje za艂amanie si臋 struktury (collapse) i wyst臋puje ona w formie zbitej, nieporowatej, niedost臋pnej zar贸wno dla rt臋ci jak te偶 dla adsorbat贸w apolarnych, co wykaza艂y pomiary adsorpcji i desorpcji azotu na tym preparacie.The specific chemical structure of humus compounds, the content of functional groups acting as adsorption centres, and the instability of elementary composition cause organic material to be considered as highly complex and difficult to measure, especially in surface studies. In this study the author conducted measurements of the specific surface area of humous acids (humic acid arid 脽-humus fulvic acid fraction), employing methods based on adsorption. For the purpose she used a polar adsorbate - water vapour, and an apolar adsorbate - nitrogen. Using low temperature nitrogen adsorption (chromatographic method) she determined the external specific surface area. Specific surface area determinations by means of water vapour were performed by weight, using a vacuum drier to determine the initial fragment of water vapour adsorption isotherms at 20掳C and calculating the specific surface area by means of the BET equation. Also, the molar energy of adsorption was determined on the basis of the isotherms at 20 and 40掳C. The specific surface area of the humic acids fell within the range of 201-238 m2/g, while that of the 脽-humus fulvic acid fraction varied from 319 to 3X5 m2/g. The external specific surface area of the humic acids was about I nr/g, while that of the 脽-humus was approximately 34,5 m2/g. The high values of specific surface area measured by means of water vapour on humous preparations and the shape of the isotherms indicate that the effect of water vapour on the material causes the formation of a variable microstructure, while the drying of the organic material (irrespective of the drying method emplyed) results in the disappearance of the microstructure; it appears in a compact and non-porous from, inaccessible for mercury and for appolar adsorbates, which was demonstrated by measurements of nitrogen adsorption and desorption on the materal

    Specific surface area as a parameter characterizing degree of reaction of humic acids with bentonite and illite

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    Maj膮c na wzgl臋dzie fakt, 偶e kwasy humusowe w bardzo ma艂ym procencie wyst臋puj膮 w sianie wolnym w glebie, lecz tworz膮 po艂膮czenia z mineraln膮 cz臋艣ci膮 gleby, dokonano pr贸by syntetyzowania preparat贸w kwas贸w humusowych z bentonitem i illitem oraz scharakteryzowano wybrane w艂a艣ciwo艣ci fizykochemiczne tych preparat贸w jak r贸wnie偶 okre艣lono ich stopie艅 prze reagowania przy r贸偶nych warto艣ciach pH, W preparatach tych wykonano pomiary powierzchni w艂a艣ciwej metod膮 adsorpcji pary wodnej BET oraz molowej energii adsorpcji na podstawie izoterm w dw贸ch temperaturach (20 i 40 掳C). Powierzchnia w艂a艣ciwa illitu i bentonitu po dodaniu kwas贸w humusowych (kwasu huminowego i p-humusu) przy wszystkich warto艣ciach pH uleg艂a zmniejszeniu. 艢wiadczy to o r贸偶nym stopniu ich przereagowania oraz prawdopodobnie o cz臋艣ciowej hydrofobizacji minera艂贸w. Okaza艂o si臋. 偶e stopie艅 przereagowania preparat贸w kwas贸w humusowych z minera艂em jest uzale偶niony od warto艣ci ph oraz, 偶e dla wszystkich kombinacji jest on najwi臋kszy przy pH 4.Taking into consideration the fact that there are a small percentage of humic acids in a free state in soils and they join with the mineral part of the soil, the trial of the synthesis of the preparations of humic acids with bentonitc and illitc was experimented. Some physicochcmical properties and their degree of reaction were characterized. The measurements of the surface area were made in the organo-mineral associates. Using the adsorption method of water vapour BET on the basis of the beginning part of the adsorption isotherm in 20 掳C. The physico-chemical properties of the associates of illitc and bentonite with humic acids, p-humus with humic acids and p-humus with different pH were presented. The results of surface area and the molar energy adsorption were particularly discusscd. At the beginning, it was thought that the highest degree of reaction of humic acids with minerals should be set when pH equals the pH of the moment when humic acids are precipitated from the liquids as the precipitate. After studying the results something ese was slated, the surface area of illitc after adding the humic acids with all kinds of pH becomes smaller. The falling surface areas of the all combinations of the organo-mineral connections proves the different degree of their reactions and probably the part mineral hydrofobization. It turned out that the degree of reactions of humic acids preparations with mineral depends on pH and it is the highest for all combinations for pH 4

    Effect of the soil type on the molecular structure, properties and conditions of occurrence of humous acids

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    The study presented here concentrates on the characteristics of the humous compounds of humic and fulvic acid fractions of 脽-humus, originating from the typologically differentiated soils (podzolic soil and chernozem). The soils were chosen so as to emphasize differences between chemical structure and degree of aromatic nucleus condensation in the humous acids isolated from them. It was found that the structure of the humous substances isolated from the podzolic soil is characterised by the lowest degree of condensation of the aromatic nucleus and the lowest polymerisation, while the humous acids from the chernozem are characterised by the highest degree of condensation of the aromatic nucleus and the strongest polymerisation

    Surface properties of humic acids extracted from soil fertilized with sewage sludge and vermicompost

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    Analizowano izotermy adsorpcji pary wodnej oraz wyznaczono wielko艣ci powierzchni w艂a艣ciwej kwas贸w hu mi nowych i frakcji fu twok w膮s贸w 隆3-humusu. Kwasy humusowe wydzielono z gleby brunatnej kwa艣nej, wytworzonej z piasku s艂abo gliniastego w 4 lata po zastosowaniu osadu 艣ciekowego i wermikompostu w dawkach 30, 150, 600 Mg ha1. Kontrol臋 stanowi艂a gleba nienawo偶ona i nawo偶ona obornikiem w dawce 30 Mg ha"1. Kwasy huminowe wysc- parowano metod膮 Schnitzera, a w nads膮czu po ich wydzieleniu, metoda Stevensona str膮cono frakcje fulwokwas贸w P-humus. Uzyskane wyniki wskazuj膮, 偶e zastosowane substancje odpadowe wp艂yn臋艂y modyfikuj膮co na wielko艣膰 adsorpcji pary wodnej przez kwasy humusowe. W przypadku kwas贸w huminowych by艂o to zwi臋kszenie adsorpcji, a dla frakcji fulwokwas贸w 隆3-humusu zmniejszenie. Powierzchnia w艂a艣ciwa frakcji p-humusu jest znacznie wi臋ksza ni偶 kwas贸w huminowych. Na obni偶enie wielko艣ci powierzchni w艂a艣ciwej analizowanych kwas贸w humusowych wp艂yn臋艂a najwyra藕niej dawka 600 Mg ha"1 osadu 艣ciekowego.Isotherms of water vapour adsorption were analyzed and specific surface area of humic acids and fractions of P-humus fulvic acids were determined. Humic acids were separated from soil 4 years after using sewage sludge and vcrmicompost in doses of 30, 150, 600 Mg ha藟1. The control was the nonfertilized soil, as well as the soil fertilized with manure in the dose of 30 Mg ha藟1. Humic acids were separated using Schnitzers method, while after their separation, fractions of p-humus fulvic acids were precipitated in the supernatant using Stevensons method. The obtained results indicate that the used waste substanccs had a modifying effect on the magnitude of vapour adsorption by humic acids. In the ease of humic acids it was an increase of adsorption, while tor fractions of 尾-humus fulvic acids, the adsorption decreased. The specific surface area of P-humus fractions is much greater than the one of humic acids. The decrease of the specific surface area of the analyzed humic acids was influenced most significantly by the dose of 600 Mg ha藟1 of sewage sludge

    Zastosowanie porozymetrii rteciowej do badan mikrostruktury materialow rolniczych

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    The paper discussed the application of mercury porosimetry method to investigations of agricultural materials. Most of these investigations concerned the soil materials. Pores systems of soils were characterized taking into account the pore classifications. The effects of polyamide sorbent on sandy and clay soils microstructure were investigated. Also the influence of mechanical deformations on the dimension of soils particle aggregates and on the microstructure of soil were described. The microporosity of humic fractions (humic acids and 脽-humus) and internal porosity of wheat grain and starch extrudates were described.W pracy przedstawiono wykorzystanie metody porozymetrii rt臋ciowej do bada艅 mikrostruktury materia艂贸w rolniczych. Wi臋kszo艣膰 tych bada艅 dotyczy materia艂u glebowego, dlatego te偶 scharakteryzowano porowaty uk艂ad gleby, uwzgl臋dniaj膮c klasyfikacj臋 por贸w oraz podkre艣lono celowo艣膰 bada艅 mikroporowato艣ci gleby. Zwr贸cono r贸wnie偶 uwag臋 na wp艂yw dodatku sorbentu poliamidowego na mikrostruktur臋 gleby piaszczystej i gliniastej, jak r贸wnie偶 na wp艂yw mechanicznych odkszta艂ce艅 gleby na zmiany mikroporowato艣ci oraz na stopie艅 agregacji gleby. Opisano tak偶e mikroporowato艣膰 frakcji kwas贸w pr贸chnicznych (kwasu huminowego i 脽-humusu) oraz okre艣lono porowato艣膰 wewn臋trzn膮 ziarna pszenicy i coraz bardziej popularnych ekstrudat贸w skrobiowych

    Number of microorganisms and electrolitical conductivity of soil under various cultivation systems

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    Autorzy niniejszej pracy przedstawili badania maj膮ce na celu okre艣lenie zmian zachodz膮cych we w艂a艣ciwo艣ciach mikrobiologicznych i przewodnictwa elektrolitycznego w glebie w zale偶no艣ci od systemu jej u偶ytkowania. Gleba spod uprawy j臋czmienia z nawo偶eniem organicznym charakteryzowa艂a si臋 najwy偶sz膮 liczebno艣ci膮, badanych mikroorganizm贸w. R贸偶ne systemy uprawy mia艂y wp艂yw tak偶e na wielko艣ci przewodnictwa elektrolitycznego w艂a艣ciwego badanych pr贸b glebowych.Autors of this paper presented the research which goal was to present changes undergoing in microbiological properties in electrolitic conductivity dependently on cultivation system. Organically fertilized soil received from under barley cultivation was characterized by higher number of microorganisms.Different systems of cultivation had also influence on specific electrolic conductivity of examined soil samples

    Characterisation of the specific surface area of arable soils of Poland

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    Przeprowadzono badania powierzchni w艂a艣ciwej gleb ornych z trenu ca艂ej Polski. Analizie poddano dwa poziomy glebowe orny i podorny Powierzchni臋 w艂a艣ciw膮 wyznaczano w oparciu o adsorpcj臋 pary wodnej i niskotemperaturow膮 adsorpcj臋 azotu.Research on the specific surface area of main mineral arable Polish soils was made. Two soil hirizons surface and subsurface were examined with water vapour and nitrogen adsorption
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