Biologically and chemically important hydrazino-containing imidazolines as antioxidant agents

<p>Biologically and chemically useful hydrazinoimidazolines were evaluated as antioxidant and antihaemolytic agents. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH^•), galvinoxyl radical (GOR), nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) scavenging assays, ferric ions reducing power assay, and <i>ex vivo</i> model of rat erythrocytes exposed to 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine)dihydrochloride (AAPH) or H₂O₂ were used. The most potent DPPH^• scavengers proved to be hydrazinoimidazolines <b>3</b>, <b>2</b>, and <b>4</b>, revealing excellent antiradical effects – superior or comparable to that of all antioxidant standards used. Moreover, these molecules showed strong NO neutralising potencies – better to that of ascorbic acid (AA) (<b>3</b>), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) (<b>3</b> and <b>2)</b>, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (<b>3</b> and <b>2</b>), and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) (<b>3</b>, <b>2</b>, and <b>4</b>). Compound <b>4</b> was also effective in GOR scavenging. The excellent scavenger of GOR, NO, and H₂O₂ proved to be structure <b>5</b>, with the potency superior or comparable to the majority of antioxidant standards used. In turn, compound <b>9</b> was effective in H₂O₂ and GOR neutralisation. All hydrazinoimidazolines revealed the reducing power that is higher than BHT. Moreover, the protective effects of most test compounds on oxidatively stressed erythrocytes were observed. Some structure–activity relationships were disclosed. A significance of the primary hydrazino group on antioxidant effects was confirmed. The most likely DPPH^• and GOR scavenging mechanisms for test compounds were propound. Among all the investigated molecules, hydrazinoimidazolines <b>5</b>, <b>3</b>, <b>2</b>, <b>4</b>, and <b>9</b>, due to their excellent or good antiradical activities, can represent promising antioxidant candidates with prospective utility for prevention of diseases related to reactive oxygen/nitrogen species.</p