Change of motor abilities, including shot accuracy, in soccer players

Celem pracy było porównanie zmian wybranych cech motorycznych, w tym celności, u piłkarzy nożnych po pierwszej rundzie rozgrywek. W badaniach udział wzięło 13 piłkarzy nożnych z klubu KP „Polonia” Bydgoszcz. Charakterystyka badanych: wiek 24,9 ± 6,4 lat, wysokość ciała 177,5 ± 4,8 cm, masa ciała 76,2 ± 8,8 kg, staż treningowy 15,5 ± 6,6 lat. Wykonano następujące próby kontrolne: siady z leżenia, test coopera, bieg wahadłowy 4x10 m, rzut piłką lekarską znad głowy, strzał w poprzeczkę z linii 16 metrów. Badania kontrolne wykonano na początku (Pomiar I) i na końcu (Pomiar II) pierwszej rundy rozgrywek. Po pierwszej rundzie rozgrywek zaobserwowano nieistotną statystycznie poprawę wszystkich mierzonych parametrów. Istotne statystycznie różnice stwierdzono jedynie między liczbą celnych strzałów w poprzeczkę przed treningiem w pomiarze I a liczbą strzałów po treningu w pomiarze II.  AbstractThe aim of the study was to compare the changes in selected motor abilities, including shot accuracy, of soccer players during first round of competition. Thirteen football players from the club "Polonia" Bydgoszcz took part in the research. Characteristics of the subjects: age 24.9 ± 6.4 years, body height 177.5 ± 4.8 cm, body weight 76.2 ± 8.8 kg, training experience 15.5 ± 6.6 years. The following tests were performed: sit-ups, Cooper test, 4 x 10 m shuttle run, throw a medical ball from the head, shooting at the crossbar from the 16 m line. Control tests were conducted at the beginning (Measure I) and at the end (Measure II) of the first round. After the first round of the tournament, all the measured parameters were statistically insignificant. Significant statistically significant differences were found only between the number of shots fired at the bar before training in I measurement and the number of shots after training in measurement II

The concentration of glyphosate in the tap water in Greater Poland Region

The harmfull effects of glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine) on animal and human health was stated by many researchers. The studies on such effects concerned mainly the people exposed to herbicides. In the environment, glyphosate remains relatively stable, with half-life ranged between a few days to several months or even a year in field studies, depending on soil composition. As this herbicide the widely used all over the world, the monitoring its concentration in everyday food becomes necessary. The aim of the study was to estimate the glyphosate levels in tap water samples collected from different Water Treatment Plants in Greater Poland region. The concentration of glyphosate was measured in 66 randomly collected drinking water samples from separate Water Treatment Plants. Measurements were done using two analytical techniques: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and high-performance liquid chromatography technique. Levels of glyphosate in the tested samples were low (0.15±0.07 µg/L). Both assays have been found well suited to the analysis of glyphosate concentrations in the drinking water. The concentration of glyphosate in the tap water is very low, and could be discarded in estimation of daily intake of this herbicide in Great Poland region. So, it is unlikely that drinking water from Water Treatment Plants can be important source of glyphosate contamination in urbanized populations compared to vegetables, fruit and other possible sources. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.431025

What Makes People Vulnerable to Modern Slavery in Supply Chains?

It is estimated that over 40 million people are trapped in some form of modern slavery (ILO and Walk Free, 2017). However, there is no internationally agreed definition of modern slavery, except that it is understood to cover grievous forms of exploitation of vulnerable individuals and communities, ranging from human trafficking, forced labour, debt bondage/bonded labour, the worst forms of child labour to forced marriage. The notion of vulnerability therefore appears central for understanding where modern slavery is most likely to occur. Vulnerability has been often used in academic literature in a generalising fashion to describe various demographic groups of consumers in a society (e.g., children, older adults, ethnic minorities; Baker et al., 2005) and the potential impact of their presumed inherent vulnerabilities on their consumer decision-making and wider engagement with markets. Yet there is a growing recognition that vulnerability is a complex social condition that requires nuanced understanding (Kubacki, et al., 2020; Pavia and Mason, 2014). Adding to its complexity as a theoretical concept, in practice vulnerability is also context-dependent (e.g., situational vulnerability; Baker et al., 2005). Accordingly, we all may become vulnerable to various hazards and risks, and therefore attempts to unpack vulnerability need to be located in a specific milieu, bringing together inherent (micro) and situational (meso) vulnerabilities within a social system (macro). This research therefore focuses on vulnerability to modern slavery in supply chains. Supply chain management has long been a popular focus of research in the management field. According to Ellram et al. (2004) “Supply chain management is the management of information, processes, goods and funds from the earliest supplier to the ultimate customer, including disposal” (p.17). A common pattern of the structure of the supply chain is the arrangement of suppliers from developing countries and business buyers from highly developed countries, which are often powerful MNCs that are orchestrators of the supply chains (Gong et al., 2018). In supply chain management, the business side, as a response to the factors affecting supply chain management, implements various strategies and practices to build resilience against these factors, thereby seeking to mitigate risks and improve financial performance. Differences in power asymmetries between large buying organizations and suppliers from developing countries allow the former to exert pressure on the latter as a remedy to the need to adapt to dynamic changes in the environment or even to the turbulence of the business environment. An increasing tendency of supply chain management is to non-disclose the supplier lists by buyers (e.g., to financial institutions granting working capital loans), because many suppliers prefer to be invisible (Sodhi and Tang, 2019). However, the research of Cho et al. (2019) shows that the lack of supply chain transparency increases labour violations by suppliers, including child labour. Many suppliers also engage in mock compliance (Huq and Stevenson, 2020). In this research we aim to explore the notion of vulnerability and its representations at micro, meso and macro levels and we what makes people vulnerable to modern slavery in supply chains. Following systematic review procedures, we identified 51 studies reporting empirical and conceptual business research on modern slavery in supply chains. We found that, at the micro level, vulnerability is predominantly represented as an outcome of one behaviour—migration—simplifying the myriad of external push and pull factors, other behaviours and social relationships. At the meso level, situational risks are clustered around various conditions of employment representing and contributing to experiences of vulnerability. At the macro level, a broad set of systemic issues, from immigration laws to business models, were identified to contribute to the environment in which a heightened risk of vulnerability to modern slavery is experienced. REFERENCES Baker, S.M., Gentry, J.W., and Rittenburg, T.L. (2005), “Building understanding of the domain of consumer vulnerability”, Journal of Macromarketing, Vol. 25 No. 2, pp. 128-139. Cho, S.-H., Fang, X., Tayur, S., & Xu, Y. (2019), “Combating child labor: Incentives and information disclosure in global supply chains”, Manufacturing and Service Operations Management, Vol. 21 No. 3, pp. 692-711. Ellram, L.M., Tate, W.L., and Billington, C. (2004), “Understanding and managing the services supply chain”, Journal of Supply Chain Management, Vol. 40 No 3, pp. 17-32. Gong, Y., Jia, F., Brown, S., and Koh, L. (2018), “Supply chain learning of sustainability in multi-tier supply chains: a resource orchestration perspective”, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 38 No. 4, pp. 1061-1090. Huq, F.A., and Stevenson, M. (2020), “Implementing socially sustainable practices in challenging institutional contexts: Building theory from seven developing country supplier cases”, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 161 No. 2, pp. 415-442. International Labour Organization and Walk Free Foundation (2017). The Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage. International Labour Organization, Walk Free Foundation. Kubacki, K., Siemieniako, D., and Brennan, L. (2020), “Building positive resilience through vulnerability analysis”, Journal of Social Marketing, Vol. 10 No. 4, pp. 471-488. Logsdon, J.M. (1991), “Collaboration to regulate LUST: Leaking underground storage tanks in Silicon Valley”, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 23 No 1, pp. 99-111. Pavia, T.M., and Mason, M.J. (2014), “Vulnerability and physical, cognitive, and behavioral impairment: model extensions and open questions”, Journal of Macromarketing, Vol. 34 No 4, pp. 471-485. Sodhi, M.S., and Tang, C.S. (2019), “Research opportunities in supply chain transparency”, Production and Operations Management, Vol. 28 No. 12, pp. 2946-2959. Szablewska, N. (2022), “Human smuggling and human trafficking”, Sayapin, S., Quenivet, N., Kemp, G., and Zambrana-Tevar, N.A. (Eds), International Conflict and Security Law: Challenges, Crimes, and Case Studies, TMC Asser Press/Springer

No pain, no gain: insights into changing individual volitional behaviour

Physical activity is an important component of a healthy lifestyle. The purpose of this study is threefold: first, to empirically examine the effect of attitudes on people's intentions towards starting a new physical activity in three weight groups; second, to explore differences within various demographic groups; and finally, to offer research and practical implications for social marketers who are working in the area of physical activity. A total of 1459 respondents participated in an online survey. Our findings indicate that when individuals hold both negative and positive attitudes towards physical activity, they will have higher intentions to start a new physical activity. Empirical examination identified that overweight and obese people have more negative and less positive attitudes than healthier people toward physical activity. The results indicate that overcoming negative attitudes and reinforcing positive attitudes remain as a necessary condition to influence volitional behaviours such as physical activity, which requires cognitive processing and actions in order for the behaviour to be changed. People engaging in physical activities understand both positive and negative effects of physical activities, and they may engage in physical activities despite knowing there are short-term costs

A theoretical approach to segmenting children's walking behaviour

Childhood obesity is a leading public health concern globally. This study aimed to extend research applying the principle of market segmentation to gain insight into changing the physical activity behaviour of children, particularly their walk to/from school behaviour. It further examined the utility of employing theory, specifically the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), for this purpose. The study demonstrates the usefulness of behavioural, geographic and psychographic variables, as measured by the TPB, in distinguishing segments, offering an important contrast to prior segmentation studies emphasising demographic variables. This result provides empirical evidence of the value of employing the four segmentation bases, extending beyond a demographic focus, and the importance of incorporating behavioural theory in market segmentation. In so doing, this research provides key insights into changing children’s walking behaviour

A stakeholder process evaluation of a social marketing walking intervention targeting children

One quarter of Australian children are overweight or obese (ABS, 2010), putting them at increased risk of physical and psychological health problems (Reilly et al., 2003). Overweight and obesity in childhood tends to persist into adulthood and is associated with premature death and morbidity (Reilly & Kelly, 2011). Increases in Australian children’s weight have coincided with declines in active transportation, such as walking, to school (Salmon et al., 2005). To address this problem, the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation (VicHealth), which is an independent statutory authority which advises government and contributes to promoting good health in Victoria (VicHealth, 2014), developed the Walk to School program. Walk to School aims to encourage primary school children in Victoria to walk to and from school more often. Walking to school is a low cost and effective means of reducing excess weight (Rosenberg et al., 2006) that can be easily integrated into daily routine (Brophy et al., 2011). The purpose of this paper is to present the results of the stakeholder process evaluation of Walk to School 2013, which forms part of a broader outcome evaluation that is currently in field. Although there is an emphasis on outcome evaluation of programs, process evaluation can be equally important in determining program success (Saunders et al., 2005). Further, process evaluation to assess program delivery and utilization is explicitly recommended by two social marketing frameworks (see Lefebvre et al., 1988; Walsh et al., 1993)

Social marketing targeting Indigenous peoples: a systematic review

Social marketing is a discipline focused on the application of marketing principles to induce socially desirable behaviour change. As social marketing remains one of the main behaviour change approaches pursued by governments and international organisations, it is important to consider its use in relation to vulnerable groups that are particularly exposed to discriminatory practices, marginalisation, exclusion and destitution. The aim of this systematic review is to identify the extent to which Andreasen’s (2002) six social marketing benchmark criteria were reported in social marketing interventions targeting Indigenous peoples. A total of 20 articles covering 13 social marketing interventions were identified for review. Although none of the interventions gave evidence that they addressed all six of the benchmark criteria, they appear to have been effective in challenging some of the issues faced by Indigenous peoples. However, the criteria of segmentation, exchange and competition remain underused in the identified interventions. Social marketing interventions targeting Indigenous peoples tend to rely on television and radio advertising, showing potential for more use of product, place and price to influence, facilitate and maintain socially desirable behaviour change

A human rights-based approach to the social good in social marketing

Social marketing has been established with the purpose of effecting change or maintaining people’s behaviour for the welfare of individuals and society (Kotler and Zaltman in J Market 35:3–12, 1971; MacFadyen et al. in The marketing book, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, 2003; French et al. in Social marketing and public health: Theory and practice, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 2010), which is also what differentiates it from other types of marketing. However, social marketing scholars have struggled with guiding social marketers in conceptualising the social good and with defining who decides what is socially beneficial in different contexts. In this paper, we suggest that many dilemmas in identifying the social good in social marketing could be addressed by turning to human rights principles, and, in particular, by following a human rights-based approach. We examine a number of crosscutting human rights principles—namely, transparency and accountability, equality and non-discrimination, and participation and inclusion—that are capable, in a practical way, of guiding the work of social marketers. Through an illustrative case study of the anti-obesity discourse, we present how these principles might help to address some of the challenges facing social marketing, both as a theory and practice, in meeting its definitional characteristic