Degree of Economic Freedom and Relationship to Economic Growth and Human Development

Presented in this article is an analysis of the relationship between the Index of Economic Freedom and indices of economic growth, i.e. GDP per capita and the Human Development Index. The McPherson coefficient of correlation was calculated from several different perspectives. Described in the final part of the article is the testing of the hypotheses, while a short commentary on the results obtained is also presented.liberalism, economic growth, index of economic freedom

Investigative stands to marking of characterizations of the metal- susceptible clutch

On the job one introduced the description of investigative stands and the methodics of marking of static characterizations, quasi--dynamic and dynamic. One introduced the course of the torque at the start of the metal-clutch about the large torsional susceptibility and the reaction of the clutch on the extortion with the impulseturning moment

Running as a form of physical activity in patient after renal transplantation — a clinical case

Trening biegowy uprawia 12% pacjentów po przeszczepieniu nerki. Istnieje niewiele doniesień dotyczących wpływu takiej formy aktywności fizycznej na tę grupę pacjentów. Autorzy przedstawili przypadek pacjenta, który w wieku 39 lat został poddany zabiegowi przeszczepienia nerki. Pacjent wcześniej był dializowany otrzewnowo przez 13 miesięcy. Przyjęto go na oddział transplantologiczny z rozpoznaniem schyłkowej niewydolności nerek w stadium V i nadciśnieniem tętniczym. Po 21 miesiącach od niepowikłanego zabiegu transplantacji nerki rozpoczął systematyczne treningi biegowe 2–3 razy w tygodniu przez około 6 miesięcy. Początkowo marszobiegiem pokonywał dystans 3 km, a po 5 miesiącach biegiem ciągłym 9 km. Regularna aktywność fizyczna nie pogorszyła czynności przeszczepionego narządu u analizowanego pacjenta. Opisany przypadek pokazuje, że pacjenci po transplantacji nerki mają szansę na powrót do aktywnego życia, a taka forma ruchu jak bieganie może być dla nich alternatywą. Wysoka częstość występowania nadciśnienia tętniczego, cukrzycy i chorób sercowo-naczyniowych u biorców przeszczepu sugerują, że zalecenia ćwiczeń i zachęcanie do ich wykonywania powinny być częścią rutynowego planu leczenia pacjentów po przeszczepieniu nerki.After kidney transplantation 12% of patients train running. There are few reports on the effects of this form of physical activity for this group of patients. We present a case of a patient who at the age of 39 years has undergone kidney transplant surgery. The patient was previously on peritoneal dialysis for 13 months. Before surgery, he was diagnosed as end-stage renal failure in stage 5 and hypertension. After 21 months of uncomplicated kidney transplant operation he began a systematic training 2–3 times a week for about 6 months. Initially it was walking and running distance 3 km, and after 5 months he was able to run 9 km course. Regular physical activity has not decreased transplant organ function. This case demonstrates that renal transplant patients have a chance to return to active life, and running can be one of the ways for them. The high prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular disease in transplant recipients suggests that the recommendations of exercises and encouraging their use should be part of a routine plan for the treatment of patients after kidney transplantation

Predictors of airway hyperreactivity in house dust mite allergic patients

Introduction: Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) is a cardinal feature of asthma. Asthma is a heterogenous disorder which consists of different phenotypes and endotypes. Mechanisms leading to AHR may differ in different asthma subtypes. Allergy to perennial allergens, including house dust mites (HDM) is a major risk factor for asthma development. The aim of this study was to determine predictors of AHR in a well-characterized population of HDM-allergic patients.Material and methods: In a retrospective analysis 843 patients with HDM-allergic rhinitis with/without asthma were evaluated. The following parameters were included in the analysis: serum concentration of total (t)- and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp)-specific IgE, fractional exhaled nitric oxide concentration (FeNO), lung function tests, bronchial challenge with histamine, age sex, and body mass index (BMI). Linear regression analysis was used to determine predictors of AHR.Results: In a simple linear regression analysis baseline lung function results expressed as either forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) or maximal expiratory flow at 50% of the forced vital capacity (MEF50), FeNO, tIgE, DpIgE, age and BMI affected AHR. A multiple regression analysis demonstrated that in the whole group of HDM-allergic patients the most important, independent predictors of AHR were MEF50, FeNO and DpIgE.Conclusion: Even in a well-characterized asthma phenotype several processes participate in development of AHR. Major, independent predictors of AHR: lung function parameters, FeNO and DpIgE indicate possible targets for therapeutic intervention in a population of HDM-allergic patients

Degree of Economic Freedom and Relationship to Economic Growth and Human Development

Presented in this article is an analysis of the relationship between the Index of Economic Freedom and indices of economic growth, i.e. GDP per capita and the Human Development Index. The McPherson coefficient of correlation was calculated from several different perspectives. Described in the final part of the article is the testing of the hypotheses, while a short commentary on the results obtained is also presented

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) in sputum of allergic asthma patients.

Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its inhibitor (PAI-1) have been associated with asthma. The aim of this study was to evaluate concentration of uPA and PAI-1 in induced sputum of house dust mite allergic asthmatics (HDM-AAs). The study was performed on 19 HDM-AAs and 8 healthy nonatopic controls (HCs). Concentration of uPA and PAI-1 was evaluated in induced sputum supernatants using ELISA method. In HDM-AAs the median sputum concentration of uPA (128 pg/ml; 95% CI 99 to 183 pg/ml) and PAI-1 (4063 pg/ml; 95%CI 3319 to 4784 pg/ml) were significantly greater than in HCs (17 pg/ml; 95%CI 12 to 32 pg/ml;

Concentrations of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) in induced sputum of asthma patients after allergen challenge.

Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its inhibitor (PAI-1) are involved in tiisue remodeling and repair processes associated with acute and chronic inflammation. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of allergen challenge on concentration of uPA and PAI-1 in induced sputum of house dust mite allergic asthmatics (HDM-AAs). Thirty HDM-AAs and ten healthy persons (HCs)were recruited for the study. In 24 HDM-AAs bronchial challenge with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp) and in 6 HDM-AAs sham challenege with saline were performed. In HDM-AAs sputum was induced 24 hours before (T0) and 24 hours (T24) after the challenge. Concentration of uPA and PAI-1 in induced sputum were determined using immunoenzymatic assays. At T0 in HDM-AAs mean sputum uPA (151 Âą 96 pg/ml) and PAI-1 (4341 Âą 1262 pg/ml) concentrations were higher than in HC (18.8 Âą 6.7 pg/ml; p=0.0002 and 596 Âą 180 pg/ml;

Bronchial macrophages in asthmatics reveal decreased CD16 expression and substantial levels of receptors for IL-10, but not IL-4 and IL-7.

The role of different subpopulations of bronchial macrophages (BMs) in asthma pathogenesis has not yet been completely elucidated. In addition, little is known about potential in vivo responsiveness of BMs to pro- and anti-inflam-matory cytokines present in the bronchial milieu. We aimed to characterize asthmatic patients' BM subpopulations delineated by common markers of macrophage/monocyte cells, CD16 and CD14, and subsequently to analyze cytokine receptor expression on those subsets. Subjects included eighteen patients with moderate asthma (six steroid-naive and twelve steroid-treated) and ten healthy control subjects. Flow cytometry was used to analyze phenotypical features of BMs including expression of receptors for IL-10, IL-4 and IL-7. Exhaled nitric oxide analysis and induced sputum eosinophil counts were used to assess airway inflammation. BMs from both steroid-naive and steroid-treated asthmatic patients showed significantly decreased expression of CD16, as compared to healthy subjects' BMs. CD16, but not CD14, expression inversely correlated with exhaled nitric oxide levels and sputum eosinophilia. Short-term administration of inhaled cortiocosteroids (ICS) in steroid-naive asthmatic patients led to significant reduction of CD16 expression and enhancement of CD14 expression. Next, we analyzed the expression of receptors for IL-10, IL-4 and IL-7 on the surface of BM subpopulations characterized by different levels of CD14 and CD16 expression. We observed substantial levels of IL-10R on the surface of BMs collected from asthmatic and healthy subjects. Interestingly, IL-10R was found mostly on those macrophages that co-expressed CD14. In contrast, independently on co-expression of CD14, the levels of IL-4R and IL-7R on BMs were low in both asthmatic and healthy subjects. The results suggest that different BM subsets may be differentially involved in regulating the inflammatory response in allergic asthma