Time-course investigation of <i>Phytophthora infestans</i> infection of potato leaf from three cultivars by quantitative proteomics

AbstractPotato late blight is one the most important crop diseases worldwide. Even though potato has been studied for many years, the potato disease late blight still has a vast negative effect on the potato production [1–3]. Late blight is caused by the pathogen Phytophthora infestans (P. infestans), which initiates infection through leaves. However, the biological activities during different stages of infection are poorly described, and could enable novel or improved ways of defeating late blight infection [4]. Therefore, we investigated the interactions between P. infestans (mixed strain culture) and potato (Solanum tuberosum). Three commercially available field potato cultivars of different resistance to late blight infection; Kuras (moderate), Sarpo Mira (highly resistant) and Bintje (very susceptable) were grown under controlled green house conditions and inoculated with a diversity of P. infestans populations.We used label-free quantitative proteomics to investigate the infection with P. infestans in a time-course study over 258h. Several key issues limits proteome analysis of potato leaf tissue [5–7]. Firstly, the immense complexity of the plant proteome, which is further complicated by the presence of highly abundant proteins, such as ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO). Secondly, plant leaf and potato, in particular, contain abundant levels amounts of phenols and polyphenols, which hinder or completely prevent a successful protein extraction. Hitherto, protein profiling of potato leaf tissues have been limited to few proteome studies and only 1484 proteins have been extracted and comprehensively described [5,8,9]. We here present the detailed methods and raw data by optimized gel-enhanced label free quantitative approach. The methodology enabled us to detect and quantify between 3248 and 3529 unique proteins from each cultivar, and up to 758 P. infestans derived proteins. The complete dataset is available via ProteomeXchange, with the identifier http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pride/archive/projects/PXD002767

Et sprog- og kulturmøde som tværfagligt gymnasieprojekt

Siden gymnasiereformen fra 2005 har eleverne på STX i løbet af de- res gymnasietid skullet bruge 10% af uddannelsestiden på at arbejde projekt- og problemorienteret i et fagsamarbejde, der fik navnet Almen Studieforberedelse (AT). (...

Virksomhedsformer og teknologibegreber fra læseplan til praksis i og på tværs af tre fag

Formålet med denne artikel er at se på, hvorledes teknologiforståelse kommer til udtryk som en integreret del af fag både i styredokumenter for forsøgsfagligheden og i praksis gennem et multiple case studie, med fokus på fagene dansk, matematik og natur/teknologi i folkesko-lens mellemtrin. Casestudierne er lavet inden for rammen af et større projekt kaldet Børnene i robotbyen. Hver case indeholder undersøgel-ser af, hvorledes styredokumenter lægger op til arbejdet med teknolo-giforståelse integreret i fagene, og hvilket teknologiforståelsesbegreb der anvendes samt empiriske undersøgelser af, hvorledes dette ser ud i praksis. Resultaterne viser, at der i styredokumenter er en forholds-vis snæver og analytisk tilgang til teknologiforståelse, mens praksis er mere nuanceret. Dette diskuteres i forhold til og på tværs af de enkelte fag.Technology understanding is rapidly entering the Danish schools. Therefore, it is important to examine what is in the concept when it goes into different subjects. In this article, we examine the didactical transposition of activity forms and concepts of technology from steering documents to practical teaching. This is done with the context of the developmental project named “Børnene i Robotbyen på fire faglige udvilingsskoler”, where teaching in technology understanding was developed, tested, and evaluated within the subjects Danish, Mathematics and Nature/Technology. Findings show that the curriculum descriptions in all subjects has a narrow view on both technology concepts and activity forms, while this broadens in the implemented teaching. It is discussed, if such a narrow view makes the concepts of technology loose sense to the students. The research draws a picture of teachers making a didactical transposition and a broadening of the concept of technology and the activities within this

Clonal expansion and linear genome evolution through breast cancer progression from pre-invasive stages to asynchronous metastasis

Evolution of the breast cancer genome from pre-invasive stages to asynchronous metastasis is complex and mostly unexplored, but highly demanded as it may provide novel markers for and mechanistic insights in cancer progression. The increasing use of personalized therapy of breast cancer necessitates knowledge of the degree of genomic concordance between different steps of malignant progression as primary tumors often are used as surrogates of systemic disease. Based on exome sequencing we performed copy number profiling and point mutation detection on successive steps of breast cancer progression from one breast cancer patient, including two different regions of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS), primary tumor and an asynchronous metastasis. We identify a remarkable landscape of somatic mutations, retained throughout breast cancer progression and with new mutational events emerging at each step. Our data, contrary to the proposed model of early dissemination of metastatic cells and parallel progression of primary tumors and metastases, provide evidence of linear progression of breast cancer with relatively late dissemination from the primary tumor. The genomic discordance between the different stages of tumor evolution in this patient emphasizes the importance of molecular profiling of metastatic tissue directing molecularly targeted therapy at recurrence

Genomic Analyses of Breast Cancer Progression Reveal Distinct Routes of Metastasis Emergence

A main controversy in cancer research is whether metastatic abilities are present in the most advanced clone of the primary tumor or result from independently acquired aberrations in early disseminated cancer cells as suggested by the linear and the parallel progression models, respectively. The genetic concordance between different steps of malignant progression is mostly unexplored as very few studies have included cancer samples separated by both space and time. We applied whole exome sequencing and targeted deep sequencing to 26 successive samples from six patients with metastatic estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. Our data provide support for both linear and parallel progression towards metastasis. We report for the first time evidence of metastasis-to-metastasis seeding in breast cancer. Our results point to three distinct routes of metastasis emergence. This may have profound clinical implications and provides substantial novel molecular insights into the timing and mutational evolution of breast cancer metastasis