The Influence of Specimen Thickness on the High Temperature Corrosion Behavior of CMSX-4 during Thermal-Cycling Exposure

CMSX-4 is a single-crystalline Ni-base superalloy designed to be used at very high temperatures and high mechanical loadings. Its excellent corrosion resistance is due to external alumina-scale formation, which however can become less protective under thermal-cycling conditions. The metallic substrate in combination with its superficial oxide scale has to be considered as a composite suffering high stresses. Factors like different coefficients of thermal expansion between oxide and substrate during temperature changes or growing stresses affect the integrity of the oxide scale. This must also be strongly influenced by the thickness of the oxide scale and the substrate as well as the ability to relief such stresses, e.g., by creep deformation. In order to quantify these effects, thin-walled specimens of different thickness (t = 100500 lm) were prepared. Discontinuous measurements of their mass changes were carried out under thermal-cycling conditions at a hot dwell temperature of 1100 C up to 300 thermal cycles. Thin-walled specimens revealed a much lower oxide-spallation rate compared to thick-walled specimens, while thinwalled specimens might show a premature depletion of scale-forming elements. In order to determine which of these competetive factor is more detrimental in terms of a component’s lifetime, the degradation by internal precipitation was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in combination with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Additionally, a recently developed statistical spallation model was applied to experimental data [D. Poquillon and D. Monceau, Oxidation of Metals, 59, 409–431 (2003)]. The model describes the overall mass change by oxide scale spallation during thermal cycling exposure and is a useful simulation tool for oxide scale spallation processes accounting for variations in the specimen geometry. The evolution of the net-mass change vs. the number of thermal cycles seems to be strongly dependent on the sample thickness

Effect of 475 °C embrittlement on the mechanical properties of duplex stainless steel

The binary iron–chromium alloy embrittles in the temperature range of 280–500 °C limiting its applications to temperatures below 280 °C. The embrittlement is caused by the decomposition of the alloy to chromium-rich phase, α′ and iron-rich phase, α. This phenomenon is termed 475 °C embrittlement as the rate of embrittlement is highest at 475 °C. Primarily the investigations on 475 °C embrittlement were confined to binary iron–chromium alloys and ferritic stainless steels. Duplex stainless steel grades contain varying proportions of ferrite and austenite in the microstructure and the ferritic phase is highly alloyed. Moreover, this grade of steel has several variants depending on the alloy composition and processing route. This modifies the precipitation behaviour and the resulting change in mechanical properties in duplex stainless steels when embrittled at 475 °C as compared to binary iron chromium systems. The precipitation behaviour of duplex stainless steel at 475 °C and the effect on tensile, fracture and fatigue behaviour are reviewed in this article

A three-dimensional model for stage I-crack propagation

The propagation of short fatigue cracks is simulated by means of a three-dimensional model. Under loading conditions in the high cycle fatigue regime the growth of these cracks can determine up to 90% of the lifetime of a component. Stage I-cracks often grow on slip bands and exhibit strong interactions with microstructural features such as grain boundaries. Experimental investigations have shown that the crack propagation rate decreases significantly when the crack tip approaches a grain boundary and even a complete stop of crack propagation is possible. In order to consider the real three-dimensional orientation of a slip plane an existing two-dimensional mechanism-based model (Künkler el al., 2008) is extended to simulate the propagation of a three-dimensional surface crack. The crack geometry is modelled using dislocation loops (Hills et al., 1996), which represent the relative displacement between the crack flanks. To describe the propagation of stage Icracks elastic-plastic material behaviour is considered by allowing a plastic deformation due to slip on the active slip plane. The extension of the plastic zone is blocked by the grain boundary. The crack propagation law is based on the range of the crack tip slide displacement, which is obtained from the plastic solution. Behind the grain boundary the shear stress field is evaluated. Results show that a high twist angle between the slip planes causes a significant decrease in the stresses, which can yield a crack stop

NANOPARTICLE-MODIFICATION OF NICU-BASED ALLOY 400 FOR LASER POWDER BED FUSION

NiCu-based Alloy 400 is a material being frequently used in corrosive environments wherefore it is applied in several industries like the maritime sector or chemical processing [1]. Numerous functional parts made of this alloy, like heat exchangers or liquid-carrying tubes for instance, may withstand harsh environments to a certain extend but still, at high temperatures and especially in carbon-rich atmospheres, component failure occurs due to poor metal dusting and creep resistance [2–5]. Reinforcing the base alloy system with nanoparticles using gas atomization and subsequent laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) can counteract such material failure [6]. Hence, in this work, titanium was added to Alloy 400 and atomized under nitrogen atmosphere in order to cause TiN nanoparticle formation in the microstructure of printed components.Mechanical Engineerin

The First Six Waves of SOEP - The Panel Project in the Years 1983 to 1989

This article describes how the German Socio-Economic Panel longitudinal study project developed over the years 1983 to 1989, a period when practical experience was being gathered with the first six waves and when the further funding for this large-scale project was a constant issue. During this time, a series of basic features were established that have made this panel study an example to others - for example, its governance structure, teamworking capacity, service provision, data quality, and data provision. The article shows that during the early years of building this project in cooperation with the Collaborative Research Center Sfb 3 "Microanalytical Foundations of Social Policy" at the Universities of Frankfurt and Mannheim, the panel study at DIW Berlin developed increasingly close cooperation with non-university social science research institutions as well as with the two universities in West Berlin

The architecture of protein synthesis in the developing neocortex at near-atomic resolution reveals Ebp1-mediated neuronal proteostasis at the 60S tunnel exit

Protein synthesis must be finely tuned in the nervous system, as it represents an essential feature of neurodevelopmental gene expression, and dominant pathology in neurological disease. However, the architecture of ribosomal complexes in the developing mammalian brain has not been analyzed at high resolution. This study investigates the architecture of ribosomes ex vivo from the embryonic and perinatal mouse neocortex, revealing Ebp1 as a 60S peptide tunnel exit binding factor at near-atomic resolution by multiparticle cryo-electron microscopy. The impact of Ebp1 on the neuronal proteome was analyzed by pSILAC and BONCAT coupled mass spectrometry, implicating Ebp1 in neurite outgrowth proteostasis, with in vivo embryonic Ebp1 knockdown resulting in dysregulation of neurite outgrowth. Our findings reveal Ebp1 as a central component of neocortical protein synthesis, and the 60S peptide tunnel exit as a focal point of gene expression control in the molecular specification of neuronal morphology

Fatigue in neuromuscular disorders: focus on Guillain–Barré syndrome and Pompe disease

Fatigue accounts for an important part of the burden experienced by patients with neuromuscular disorders. Substantial high prevalence rates of fatigue are reported in a wide range of neuromuscular disorders, such as Guillain–Barré syndrome and Pompe disease. Fatigue can be subdivided into experienced fatigue and physiological fatigue. Physiological fatigue in turn can be of central or peripheral origin. Peripheral fatigue is an important contributor to fatigue in neuromuscular disorders, but in reaction to neuromuscular disease fatigue of central origin can be an important protective mechanism to restrict further damage. In most cases, severity of fatigue seems to be related with disease severity, possibly with the exception of fatigue occurring in a monophasic disorder like Guillain–Barré syndrome. Treatment of fatigue in neuromuscular disease starts with symptomatic treatment of the underlying disease. When symptoms of fatigue persist, non-pharmacological interventions, such as exercise and cognitive behavioral therapy, can be initiated

Fatigue in advanced cancer: a prospective controlled cross-sectional study

Uncontrolled studies have reported that fatigue is a common symptom among patients with advanced cancer. It is also a frequent complaint among the general population. Simply asking cancer patients whether or not they feel fatigued does not distinguish between the ‘background’ level of this symptom in the community and any ‘excess’ arising as a result of illness. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of fatigue among palliative care inpatients in comparison with a control group of age and sex-matched volunteers without cancer. In addition, the correlates of fatigue were investigated. The prevalence of ‘severe subjective fatigue’ (defined as fatigue greater than that experienced by 95% of the control group) was found to be 75%. Patients were malnourished, had diminished muscle function and were suffering from a number of physical and mental symptoms. The severity of fatigue was unrelated to age, sex, diagnosis, presence or site of metastases, anaemia, dose of opioid or steroid, any of the haematological or biochemical indices (except urea), nutritional status, voluntary muscle function, or mood. A multivariate analysis found that fatigue severity was significantly associated with pain and dypnoea scores in the patients, and with the symptoms of anxiety and depression in the controls. The authors conclude that subjective fatigue is both prevalent and severe among patients with advanced cancer. The causes of this symptom remain obscure. Further work is required in order to determine if the associations reported between fatigue and pain and between fatigue and dyspnoea are causal or coincidental. © 1999 Cancer Research Campaig

Case report: The management of advanced oral cancer in a Jehovah's Witness using the Ultracision Harmonic Scalpel

We present the first case of a head and neck oncological procedure accomplished in a Jehovah's Witness using the Ultracision Harmonic Scalpel (Ethicon, Cincinnati, OH). Jehovah's Witnesses present a serious challenge to the head and neck cancer surgeon due to their refusal to accept transfusion of any blood products. However, our experience reinforces the view that surgical management of head and neck cancer is possible in these patients. We show the Harmonic Scalpel, an ultrasonic tissue dissector, to be a useful surgical tool in obviating the need for blood transfusion. Preoperative optimisation, intra-operative surgical and anaesthetic techniques are also fully discussed