86 research outputs found
A diffraction effect in X-ray area detectors
When an X-ray area detector based on a single crystalline material, for
instance, a state of the art hybrid pixel detector, is illuminated from a point
source by monochromatic radiation, a pattern of lines appears which overlays
the detected image. These lines can be easily found by scattering experiments
with smooth patterns, such as small-angle X-ray scattering. The origin of this
effect is the Bragg reflection in the sensor layer of the detector.
Experimental images are presented over a photon energy range from 3.4 keV to 10
keV, together with a theoretical analysis. The intensity of this pattern is up
to 20%, which can disturb the evaluation of scattering and diffraction
experiments. The patterns can be exploited to check the alignment of the
detector surface with the direct beam, and the alignment of individual detector
modules with each other in the case of modular detectors, as well as for the
energy calibration of the radiation.Comment: submitted to J Appl Crys
Characterization of an in-vacuum PILATUS 1M detector
A dedicated in-vacuum X-ray detector based on the hybrid pixel PILATUS 1M
detector has been installed at the four-crystal monochromator beamline of PTB
at the electron storage ring BESSY II in Berlin. Due to its windowless
operation, the detector can be used in the entire photon energy range of the
beamline from 10 keV down to 1.75 keV for small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)
experiments and anomalous SAXS (ASAXS) at absorption edges of light elements.
The radiometric and geometric properties of the detector like quantum
efficiency, pixel pitch and module alignment have been determined with low
uncertainties. The first grazing incidence SAXS (GISAXS) results demonstrate
the superior resolution in momentum transfer achievable at low photon energies.Comment: accepted by Journal of Synchrotron Radiatio
Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (GISAXS) on Small Targets Using Large Beams
GISAXS is often used as a versatile tool for the contactless and
destruction-free investigation of nanostructured surfaces. However, due to the
shallow incidence angles, the footprint of the X-ray beam is significantly
elongated, limiting GISAXS to samples with typical target lengths of several
millimetres. For many potential applications, the production of large target
areas is impractical, and the targets are surrounded by structured areas.
Because the beam footprint is larger than the targets, the surrounding
structures contribute parasitic scattering, burying the target signal. In this
paper, GISAXS measurements of isolated as well as surrounded grating targets in
Si substrates with line lengths from down to
are presented. For the isolated grating targets, the changes in the scattering
patterns due to the reduced target length are explained. For the surrounded
grating targets, the scattering signal of a target grating structure is separated from the
scattering signal of nanostructured
surroundings by producing the target with a different orientation with respect
to the predominant direction of the surrounding structures. The described
technique allows to apply GISAXS, e.g. for characterization of metrology fields
in the semiconductor industry, where up to now it has been considered
impossible to use this method due to the large beam footprint
Traceable GISAXS measurements for pitch determination of a 25 nm self-assembled polymer grating
The feature sizes of only a few nanometers in modern nanotechnology and
next-generation microelectronics continually increase the demand for suitable
nanometrology tools. Grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) is
a versatile technique to measure lateral and vertical sizes in the nm-range,
but the traceability of the obtained parameters, which is a prerequisite for
any metrological measurement, has not been demonstrated so far. In this work,
the first traceable GISAXS measurements, demonstrated with a self-assembled
block copolymer grating structure with a nominal pitch of 25 nm, are reported.
The different uncertainty contributions to the obtained pitch value of 24.83(9)
nm are discussed individually. The main uncertainty contribution results from
the sample-detector distance and the pixel size measurement, whereas the
intrinsic asymmetry of the scattering features is of minor relevance for the
investigated grating structure. The uncertainty analysis provides a basis for
the evaluation of the uncertainty of GISAXS data in a more general context, for
example in numerical data modeling.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures; submitted to Journal of Applied Crystallograph
Correlated Diffuse X-ray Scattering from Periodically Nano-Structured Surfaces
Laterally periodic nanostructures were investigated with grazing incidence
small angle X-ray scattering. To support an improved reconstruction of
nanostructured surface geometries, we investigated the origin of the
contributions to the diffuse scattering pattern which is correlated to the
surface roughness. Resonant diffuse scattering leads to a palm-like structure
of intensity sheets. Dynamic scattering generates the so-called Yoneda band
caused by a resonant scatter enhancement at the critical angle of total
reflection and higher-order Yoneda bands originating from a subsequent
diffraction of the Yoneda enhanced scattering at the grating. Our explanations
are supported by modelling using a solver for the time-harmonic Maxwell's
equations based on the finite-element method
Reconstructing Detailed Line Profiles of Lamellar Gratings from GISAXS Patterns with a Maxwell Solver
Laterally periodic nanostructures were investigated with grazing incidence
small angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) by using the diffraction patterns to
reconstruct the surface shape. To model visible light scattering, rigorous
calculations of the near and far field by numerically solving Maxwell's
equations with a finite-element method are well established. The application of
this technique to X-rays is still challenging, due to the discrepancy between
incident wavelength and finite-element size. This drawback vanishes for GISAXS
due to the small angles of incidence, the conical scattering geometry and the
periodicity of the surface structures, which allows a rigorous computation of
the diffraction efficiencies with sufficient numerical precision. To develop
dimensional metrology tools based on GISAXS, lamellar gratings with line widths
down to 55 nm were produced by state-of-the-art e-beam lithography and then
etched into silicon. The high surface sensitivity of GISAXS in conjunction with
a Maxwell solver allows a detailed reconstruction of the grating line shape
also for thick, non-homogeneous substrates. The reconstructed geometrical line
shape models are statistically validated by applying a Markov chain Monte Carlo
(MCMC) sampling technique which reveals that GISAXS is able to reconstruct
critical parameters like the widths of the lines with sub-nm uncertainty
Innovation in detection of microparticles and exosomes
Cell-derived or extracellular vesicles, including microparticles and exosomes, are abundantly present in body fluids such as blood. Although such vesicles have gained strong clinical and scientific interest, their detection is difficult because many vesicles are extremely small with a diameter of less than 100 nm, and, moreover, these vesicles have a low refractive index and are heterogeneous in both size and composition. In this review, we focus on the relatively high throughput detection of vesicles in suspension by flow cytometry, resistive pulse sensing, and nanoparticle tracking analysis, and we will discuss their applicability and limitations. Finally, we discuss four methods that are not commercially available: Raman microspectroscopy, micro nuclear magnetic resonance, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and anomalous SAXS. These methods are currently being explored to study vesicles and are likely to offer novel information for future developments
ASAXS study of CaF2 nanoparticles embedded in a silicate glass matrix
The formation and growth of nanosized CaF2 crystallites by heat treatment of an oxyfluoride glass of composition 7.65Na2O–7.69K2O–10.58CaO–12.5CaF2– 5.77Al2O3–55.8SiO2 (wt%) was investigated using anomalous small-angle X-ray scattering (ASAXS). A recently developed vacuum version of the hybrid pixel detector Pilatus 1M was used for the ASAXS measurements below the Ca K-edge of 4038 eV down to 3800 eV. ASAXS investigation allows the determination of structural parameters such as size and size distribution of nanoparticles and characterizes the spatial distribution of the resonant element, Ca. The method reveals quantitatively that the growing CaF2 crystallites are surrounded by a shell of lower electron density. This depletion shell of growing thickness hinders and finally limits the growth of CaF2 crystallites. Moreover, in samples that were annealed for 10h and more, additional very small heterogeneities (1.6 nm diameter) were found
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