Kommunen gestalten Ernährung: Neue Handlungsfelder nachhaltiger Stadtentwicklung

Kommunen gestalten Ernährung“, lautet der Titel der 153. Dokumentation des Deutschen Städte- und Gemeindebundes und des Verbundforschungsprojekts KERNiG (Kommunale Ernährungssysteme als Schlüssel zu einer umfassend-integrativen Nachhaltigkeitsgovernance), gefördert durch das Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung. Für Kommunen spielen Nachhaltigkeit und Klimaschutz eine immer wichtigere Rolle. Dabei wurden die Umweltauswirkungen von Ernährung auf Ebene der Kommunen bisher nur wenig berücksichtigt. Im Themenfeld Ernährung liegen jedoch bedeutende Reduktionspotentiale des ökologischen Fußabdrucks. Wenn Kommunen den Anspruch haben eine nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung zu fördern, kommen sie nicht umhin, sich auch mit ihren Ernährungssystemen auseinanderzusetzen. Das Handbuch soll mit Hilfe von Praxisbeispielen aufzeigen, an welchen Stellen und in welchen Handlungsfeldern sich zentrale Gestaltungspotenziale für Ernährung auf kommunaler Ebene befinden. Kommunen sollen ermutigt werden, das Thema Ernährung als Teil einer nachhaltigen Stadtentwicklung aufzugreifen

Growth factor release in extra- and intramedullary osteosynthesis following tibial fracture

INTRODUCTION: Recent studies indicate alterations of local and systemic growth factor level during fracture healing. As a result, osteogenic and angiogenic growth factors allow us to monitor fracture healing on a molecular level. We hypothesised that closed intramedullary (IM) reaming and nail fixation, in contrast to open reduction and internal plate fixation (ORIF), could exert an effect on the cellular elements present in the intramedullary canal, leading to increased release of mediators. The purpose of the study was to investigate whether different osteosynthesis techniques influence the released quantity of cytokines. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 34 patients with tibia fractures treated with IM fixation and 19 patients treated with ORIF were included in the study. In addition to clinical and radiological examination, serum concentrations of transforming growth factor beta 1(TGF-β1), macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), were analysed at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 weeks after surgery. RESULTS: Expression of TGF-β1 and M-CSF was increased during the first 2 weeks of fracture healing in patients treated with the IM fixation technique compared with those treated by ORIF. After 24 weeks, M-CSF levels in patients with IM fixation were clearly higher. Conversely, VEGF levels were higher during the first 2 weeks of fracture healing in patients treated by ORIF compared with IM fixation. However, these results were not significant. CONCLUSION: Our results show that 1 week after surgery neither reamed IM fixation nor ORIF of the tibia could increase the expression of VEGF, M-CSF and TGF-β1 in its favour

Multiple Wolbachia infections in Rhagoletis pomonella

Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a model species for sympatric speciation through host race formation on apple and hawthorn. The bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia, a manipulator of arthropod reproduction, has been considered to contribute to speciation in several species. A potential role of Wolbachia in sympatric speciation of R. pomonella remains to be tested despite an earlier detection by PCR. In this study, we isolated Wolbachia from R. pomonella individuals from both host species using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and the surface protein wsp. By cloning and sequencing of 311 plasmids, we found sequence types of at least four wPom strains. A complete MLST profile was obtained only for wPom1, whereas MLST loci of the other putative strains were difficult to assign because of multiple infections and low sample numbers. wPom1 occurs in both host races, whereas different sequence types were found at low frequencies only in apple-infesting R. pomonella. This warrants further investigation as it cannot be excluded that Wolbachia plays a part in this model of sympatric speciation