In-situ-phase analysis using synchrotron radiation of low transformation temperature (LTT) welding material Análise "In-Situ" de fases com radiação sincrótona de materiais de soldagem de baixa temperatura de transformação

Cold cracking resistance is a relevant evaluation criterion for welded joints and affected by residual stresses which result from the welding procedure. Compressive residual stresses can thereby have a positive influence on preventing cracking. A unique possibility of generating compressive residual stresses already during the welding procedure is offered by the so-called Low Transformation Temperature (LTT) filler wires. Compared to conventional wires, these materials show decreased phase transformation temperatures which can work against the cooling-specific contraction. In consequence, distinct compressive residual stresses can be observed within the weld and adjacent areas. The strength of these fillers makes them potentially applicable to high-strength steel welding. Investigations were carried out to determine the phase transformation behaviour of different LTT-filler materials. Transformation temperatures were identified using Single Sensor Differential Thermal Analysis (SS-DTA). Additionally Synchrotron radiation was used to measure the transformation kinetics of all involved crystalline phases during heating and cooling of a simulated weld thermal cycle.<br>Fissuração a frio é um critério de avaliação relevante para juntas soldadas, sendo afetada pelas tensões residuais resultantes da soldagem. Neste contexto, tensões residuais de compressão podem ter uma influência positiva no sentido de prevenir a fissuração. Uma possibilidade única de já gerar tensões residuais de compressão já durante a execução da soldagem é oferecida pelos materiais de adição conhecidos como de "baixa temperatura de transformação" (BTT). Comparados com metais de adição convencionais, esses apresentam uma temperatura de transformação de fase inferior a qual pode contrapor a contração térmica do material durante o seu resfriamento. Como resultado, claras tensões residuais compressivas podem ser observadas na soldas e áreas adjacentes. A resistência mecânica destes consumíveis potencializa a sua aplicação para a soldagem de aços de alta resistência. Neste trabalho, foram determinadas as temperaturas de transformação de consumíveis BTT. Estas temperaturas foram identificadas usando Análise Térmica Diferencial com Detector Único (SS-DTA) e, adicionalmente, radiação Síncroton foi usada para determinar a cinética de transformação de todas as fases cristalinas envolvidas durante o aquecimento e resfriamento de um ciclo térmico de soldagem simulado

Optimal Material Selection for Total Hip Implant: A Finite Element Case Study

The selection of most proper materials in engineering design is known as an important stage of the design process. In order to successfully complete this stage, it is necessary to have sufficient knowledge about the structure of materials, density, melting point, thermal expansion coefficient, tensile and yield strength, elongation, modulus of elasticity, hardness and many other properties. There are several selection systems that help the design engineer to choose most suitable material that meet the required properties. In the field of bioengineering, the selection of materials and the development of new materials for the clinical needs are increasingly important. In this study, the cases of optimal implant stabilization were investigated, material alternatives for hip prosthesis were evaluated, and optimal materials were determined. Using computerized tomography data with MIMICS software, virtual surgery was applied the hip bone and the implant was attached to bone. Boundary conditions and material properties have been defined, and finite element model has been created. FEA investigation of the mechanical behavior of the hip implant for various material alternatives determined by the CES software showed that the best material candidate is austenitic, annealed and biodurable stainless steel in terms of the micromotions at the implant-bone cement interface regarding osseointegration. This candidate showed 20.69% less strain value than the most commercially used hip implant material, Ti6Al4V. Therefore, the findings of this study suggest that the use of some specific stainless steel materials for implants may reduce the operation cost and increase the operation success for the total hip arthroplasty.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-019-04088-