Humanitarian intervention: religion as a reason for intervention

The Russian military intervention in Syria that began last year is supported by the Russian Orthodox Church who emphasized the “need to protect the region’s Christians”. Stefan Kroll traces the historical roots of humanitarian intervention in the name of religious minorities and their relevance for understanding intervention today

Community, Enforcement and Justification: The International Law of Intervention in World-Societal Perspective

The article discusses the normative integration of the world society by the case of international legal discourses on intervention in the late 19th and early 20th century. Within the framework of a non-interventionist international legal structure, international rights and obligations to intervene form an unlikely case which helps to reveal unexpected degrees of normative integration on the international level. The article combines sociological world society research with insights from international relations theory and comparative constitutionalism. The article discusses three interconnected steps of integration: the emergence of semantics of international community, its legal enforcement and justification. The analysis shows a legalization of international politics with constitutional characteristics. In addition to that, the results contribute to the growing literature on the history of international (humanitarian) intervention and have the potential of diachronic comparison with current intervention situations

Community, Enforcement and Justification: The International Law of Intervention in World-Societal Perspective

The article discusses the normative integration of the world society by the case of international legal discourses on intervention in the late 19th and early 20th century. Within the framework of a non-interventionist international legal structure, international rights and obligations to intervene form an unlikely case which helps to reveal unexpected degrees of normative integration on the international level. The article combines sociological world society research with insights from international relations theory and comparative constitutionalism. The article discusses three interconnected steps of integration: the emergence of semantics of international community, its legal enforcement and justification. The analysis shows a legalization of international politics with constitutional characteristics. In addition to that, the results contribute to the growing literature on the history of international (humanitarian) intervention and have the potential of diachronic comparison with current intervention situations

Measurement of line widths and permanent electric dipole moment change of the Ce 4f-5d transition in Y_2SiO_5 for a qubit readout scheme in rare-earth ion based quantum computing

In this work the inhomogeneous (zero-phonon line) and homogeneous line widths, and one projection of the permanent electric dipole moment change for the Ce 4f-5d transition in Y_2SiO_5 were measured in order to investigate the possibility for using Ce as a sensor to detect the hyperfine state of a spatially close-lying Pr or Eu ion. The experiments were carried out on Ce doped or Ce-Pr co-doped single Y_2SiO_5 crystals. The homogeneous line width was measured to be about 3 MHz, which is essentially limited by the excited state lifetime. Based on the line width measurements, the oscillator strength, absorption cross section and saturation intensity were calculated to be about 9*10^-7, 5*10^-19 m^2 and 1*10^7 W/m^2, respectively. One projection of the difference in permanent dipole moment, Delt_miu_Ce, between the ground and excited states of the Ce ion was measured as 6.3 * 10^-30 C*m, which is about 26 times as large as that of Pr ions. The measurements done on Ce ions indicate that the Ce ion is a promising candidate to be used as a probe to read out a single qubit ion state for the quantum computing using rare-earth ions.Comment: 9 figures, 8 page