Lean In: A Book Review

Sheryl Sandberg is a notable woman in today’s business world, recognized by such publications as Forbes and Time for her influential voice. The current chief operating officer at Facebook and a former vice president at Google, Sandberg wrote 2013’s critically acclaimed Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead. A compilation of personal anecdotes paired with scientific data, Sandberg identifies the struggles that women face in today’s business world. Though the number of women in the workforce has grown significantly over the years, Sandberg believes that their presence is not equal to their male counterparts. The goal of the book is to educate any woman who wants to increase her chances of making it to the top as well as enlighten interested men on the struggles that women face in business

Development and Diagnostic Application of Monoclonal Antibodies Against Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus (SADS-CoV)

Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is a member of the Coronaviridae family. The virus is associated with severe small intestine inflammation and diarrhea in suckling piglets. In 2017, SADS-CoV was first detected and identified as the causative agent of a devasting swine disease outbreak in southern China. Routine monitoring and early detection of the source of infection is therefore integral to the prevention and control of a SADS-CoV outbreak in the United States. However, the United States does not currently have any diagnostic or surveillance tests to identify this emerging disease. To address these industry needs, we developed monoclonal antibodies against SADS-CoV. To start with, the nonstructural SADS-CoV, papain-like protease 2 region (PLP2) was cloned into an E.coli plasmid expression vector Next, the nonstructural protein SADS-CoV PLP2 was expressed, purified and used as antigen. Then, the purified antigen was used to immunized mice to produce monoclonal antibodies and rabbits were immunized to produce antisera containing polyclonal antibodies also for diagnostic test development. Mouse spleen cells and a mouse tumor cell line (NS-1 myeloma) were fused together to produce hybridoma clones. The resulting monoclonal antibodies were characterized and evaluated for their ability to specifically recognize SADS-CoV PLP2 epitope in cell culture. In total, nine monoclonal antibodies and approximately 105 milliliters of rabbit antisera were produced. The immunoreactivity of each monoclonal antibody and antisera was tested by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and Western blot assays. The monoclonal antibodies will be used to develop validated diagnostic ELISA, IFA, Western blot tests and to better understand virus replication. Overall, the monoclonal antibodies, reagents, and assays will be vital in establishing the first early detection and surveillance tests thus preventing major economic losses to the swine industry

First detection of PCV4 in swine in the United States: codetection with PCV2 and PCV3 and direct detection within tissues

Since PCV4 was first described in 2019, the virus has been identified in several countries in SoutheastAsia and Europe. Most studies have been limited to detecting PCV4 by PCR. Thus, PCV4 has an unclearassociation with clinical disease. This study utilized 512 porcine clinical lung, feces, spleen, serum,lymphoid tissue, and fetus samples submitted to the ISU‑VDL from June–September 2023. PCV4 wasdetected in 8.6% of samples with an average Ct value of 33. While detection rates among sample typeswere variable, lymphoid tissue had the highest detection rate (18.7%). Two ORF2 sequences wereobtained from lymphoid tissue samples and had 96.36–98.98% nucleotide identity with referencesequences. Direct detection of PCV4 by RNAscope revealed viral replication in B lymphocytes andmacrophages in lymph node germinal centers and histiocytic and T lymphocyte infiltration in thelamina propria of the small intestine. PCV4 detection was most commonly observed in nursery tofinishing aged pigs displaying respiratory and enteric disease. Coinfection with PCV2, PCV3, and otherendemic pathogens was frequently observed, highlighting the complex interplay between differentPCVs and their potential roles in disease pathogenesis. This study provides insights into the frequencyof detection, tissue distribution, and genetic characteristics of PCV4 in the US.Fil: Kroeger, Molly. University of Iowa; Estados UnidosFil: Vargas Bermudez, Diana S.. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Sede Bogotá; ColombiaFil: Jaime, Jairo. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Sede Bogotá; ColombiaFil: Parada, Julian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Groeltz, Jennifer. University of Iowa; Estados UnidosFil: Gauger, Philip. University of Iowa; Estados UnidosFil: Piñeyro, Pablo. University of Iowa; Estados Unido

The porcine circovirus 3 humoral response: characterization of maternally derived antibodies and dynamic following experimental infection

Since Porcine Circovirus 3 (PCV3) was first identified in 2016, our understanding of the humoral response is still relatively scarce. Current knowledge of the PCV3 humoral response is primarily based on field studies identifying the seroprevalence of PCV3 Cap-induced antibodies. Studies on the humoral response following experimental PCV3 infection have conflicting results where one study reports the development of the Cap IgG response 7 days postinfection with no concurrent Cap IgM response, while a second study shows a Cap IgM response at the same time point with no detection of Cap IgG. The dynamics of the PCV3 Cap and Rep IgG following maternal antibody transfer and experimental infection have not been well characterized. Additionally, the cross-reactivity of convalescent serum from PCV2 and PCV3 experimentally infected animals to serologic methods of the alternate PCV has limited evaluation. Here, we show that maternally derived antibodies were detectable in piglet serum 7–9 weeks postfarrowing for the Cap IgG and 5-weeks-post farrowing for the Rep IgG using Cap- and Rep-specific enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and immunofluorescent assays (IFA) methods. Following experimental inoculation, Cap IgG was detected at 2-weeks-post inoculation and Rep IgG detection was delayed until 4-weeks-post inoculation. Furthermore, convalescent serum from either PCV2 or PCV3 methods displayed no cross-reactivity by serological methods against the other PCV. The information gained in this study highlights the development of both the Cap- and Rep-specific antibodies following experimental infection and through the transfer of maternal antibodies. The increased understanding of the dynamics of maternal antibody transfer and development of the humoral response following infection gained in the present study may aid in the establishment of husbandry practices and potential application of prophylactics to control PCV3 clinical disease.This article is published as Kroeger, Molly, Gun Temeeyasen, Steven Dilberger-Lawson, Eric Nelson, Ronaldo Magtoto, Luis Gimenez-Lirola, and Pablo Piñeyro. "The porcine circovirus 3 humoral response: characterization of maternally derived antibodies and dynamic following experimental infection." Microbiology Spectrum (2024): e00870-24. doi: https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.00870-24. Copyright © 2024 Kroeger et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

The porcine circovirus 3 humoral response: characterization of maternally derived antibodies and dynamic following experimental infection

ABSTRACT Since Porcine Circovirus 3 (PCV3) was first identified in 2016, our understanding of the humoral response is still relatively scarce. Current knowledge of the PCV3 humoral response is primarily based on field studies identifying the seroprevalence of PCV3 Cap-induced antibodies. Studies on the humoral response following experimental PCV3 infection have conflicting results where one study reports the development of the Cap IgG response 7 days postinfection with no concurrent Cap IgM response, while a second study shows a Cap IgM response at the same time point with no detection of Cap IgG. The dynamics of the PCV3 Cap and Rep IgG following maternal antibody transfer and experimental infection have not been well characterized. Additionally, the cross-reactivity of convalescent serum from PCV2 and PCV3 experimentally infected animals to serologic methods of the alternate PCV has limited evaluation. Here, we show that maternally derived antibodies were detectable in piglet serum 7–9 weeks postfarrowing for the Cap IgG and 5-weeks-post farrowing for the Rep IgG using Cap- and Rep-specific enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and immunofluorescent assays (IFA) methods. Following experimental inoculation, Cap IgG was detected at 2-weeks-post inoculation and Rep IgG detection was delayed until 4-weeks-post inoculation. Furthermore, convalescent serum from either PCV2 or PCV3 methods displayed no cross-reactivity by serological methods against the other PCV. The information gained in this study highlights the development of both the Cap- and Rep-specific antibodies following experimental infection and through the transfer of maternal antibodies. The increased understanding of the dynamics of maternal antibody transfer and development of the humoral response following infection gained in the present study may aid in the establishment of husbandry practices and potential application of prophylactics to control PCV3 clinical disease.IMPORTANCEResearch on Porcine Circovirus 3 (PCV3) immunology is vital for understanding and controlling this virus. Previous studies primarily relied on field observations, but they have shown conflicting results about the immunological response against PCV3. This study helps fill those gaps by looking at how antibodies develop in pigs, especially those maternal-derived, and their impact in neonatal pigs preventing PCV3-associated disease in piglets. In addition, we look at the dynamics of antibodies in experimental infections mimicking infection in pigs in the grower-phase condition. Understanding this process can help to develop better strategies to prevent PCV3 infection. Also, this research found that PCV2 and PCV3 do not cross-react, which is crucial for serological test development and results interpretation. Overall, this work is essential for improving swine health and farming practices in the face of PCV3 infections