Mean difference between the risk and comparison groups for internalizing and externalizing problems.

<p>All of the figures estimate how much higher (in standard deviations) the caregivers’ and teachers’ reports (the CBCL and TRF scores) for the risk group were in comparison with the comparison group across time. * Significant group difference with p ≤ .05 when the analysis controlled for relative age at the time of assessment, gender, socioeconomic status, gestational age and birth weight and was adjusted for multiple analyses.</p

Attention, behavioral and emotional problems and general cognitive functions for the drug-exposed and comparison groups at 8 ½ years of age.

<p>Attention, behavioral and emotional problems and general cognitive functions for the drug-exposed and comparison groups at 8 ½ years of age.</p

Changes over time in the group differences in attention, behavioral and emotional problems and general cognitive functions.

<p>Changes over time in the group differences in attention, behavioral and emotional problems and general cognitive functions.</p

Sample characteristics divided by group.

<p>Sample characteristics divided by group.</p

Relationships between changes in fractional anisotropy (FA) and changes in cortical thickness.

<p>The figure depicts, from the left to right: relationships for the medial and lateral view of the right hemisphere, the lateral and medial view of the left hemisphere, and the cortical areas where the tracts project are shown for the left hemisphere in medial and lateral view, respectively. Red color denotes significant positive relationships, i.e. more cortical thinning with greater decreases in FA, and blue color denote negative relationships (i.e. more cortical thinning with lesser decrease in FA). Pink lines displayed on the cortical surface represent an outline of the estimated tract endings. FMaj = Forceps Major, FMin = Forceps Minor, SLFP = Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus Parietal part, UNC = Uncinate Fasciculus, ATR = Anterior Thalamic Radiation, CST = Corticospinal Tract. As can be seen, for all tracts except for the Forceps Minor, decreasing FA related to cortical thinning in select areas, and for the Uncinate fasciculus, a mixed relationship across areas was seen.</p

Pearson correlations between annual percent change (APC) and age.

<p>Pearson correlations between annual percent change (APC) and age.</p

Mean Annual Percentage Change (APC) for the tracts.

<p>Mean Annual Percentage Change (APC) for the tracts.</p

Scatterplots depicting the relationship between annual percent change (APC) in mean diffusivity (MD) of the forceps major (Fmaj) and cortical thickness change.

<p>The select areas shown are those showing significant relationships depicted in the upper panel of <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0156770#pone.0156770.g002" target="_blank">Fig 2</a>. Panel A depicts relationships in left hemisphere (lh) superior frontal (sup front) and right hemisphere (rh) superior frontal and cingulate cortices, Panel B depicts relationship in left temporal parietal and right temporal cortices, and panel C depicts relationships in the left cingulate and right parietal and cingulate cortices.</p

Characteristics of participants (n = 201, 118/83 females/males) at the two time points (Tp1 and Tp2).

<p>Characteristics of participants (n = 201, 118/83 females/males) at the two time points (Tp1 and Tp2).</p

Spatial Span Backward and Digit Span Backward scores with age.

<p>Spaghetti plots of individual participant change in Spatial Span Backward and Digit Span Backward scores with age (years). Females are plotted in red and males in blue. For each measure, an assumption-free general additive mixed model as a function of age was fitted to accurately describe group-level changes across the age range.</p