Histogram of the intra-observer precision of each landmark.

<p>This histogram indicates the level of intra-observer precision associated with each landmark using the original (P1) and modified (P2) protocols. The error bar is equal to one standard deviation above and below the mean. Landmark numbers correspond with the landmark numbers in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086005#pone-0086005-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>.</p

Histogram of the inter-observer precision of each landmark.

<p>This histogram indicates the level of inter-observer precision associated with each landmark using the original (P1) and modified (P2) protocols. Landmark numbers correspond with the landmark numbers in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086005#pone-0086005-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>.</p

Brain landmarks tabulated from the literature.

<p>Landmarks were tabulated from published studies where the primary methodology was landmark-based shape analysis of the brain in order to determine each landmark's frequency of use. Column headings indicate the source of the landmarks: (1) Aldridge <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086005#pone.0086005-Aldridge1" target="_blank">[17]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086005#pone.0086005-Aldridge4" target="_blank">[49]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086005#pone.0086005-Aldridge5" target="_blank">[50]</a>. (2) DeQuardo <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086005#pone.0086005-DeQuardo1" target="_blank">[51]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086005#pone.0086005-DeQuardo2" target="_blank">[52]</a>. (3) Gharaibeh <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086005#pone.0086005-Gharaibeh1" target="_blank">[53]</a>. (4) Maudgil <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086005#pone.0086005-Maudgil1" target="_blank">[33]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086005#pone.0086005-Free1" target="_blank">[54]</a>. (5) Weinberg <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086005#pone.0086005-Weinberg1" target="_blank">[34]</a>.</p

Average intra-observer error and inter-observer error measured for landmarks.

<p>In the landmark name, the backslash (/) indicates that the landmark is located at the intersection of the two sulci and s. is an abbreviation for sulcus. P1 is the imprecision (mm) for each landmark that was assessed in the first round of analysis. P2 is the imprecision (mm) for each landmark that was assessed in the second round of analysis using the modified protocols. The hyphen (-) indicates that the landmark was not reassessed in the second round of analysis because the error was less than 1.5 mm. ΔP is the difference between P2 and P1.</p

Landmarks and the associated error analyzed in this study.

<p>Left lateral view of a 3D reconstruction of the brain (anterior is to the left). Projected positions of landmarks are shown with numbers corresponding to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086005#pone-0086005-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>. Cortical surface landmarks are white with white wireframe; subcortical landmarks are purple with purple wireframe. The size of the pink ellipses around each landmark indicate the magnitude of average precision (error) at anatomic scale. Landmarks for which no ellipse is visible had average error less than the 1.5 mm radius of the landmark marker. Note that the greatest magnitudes of error were associated with cortical surface landmarks.</p

Average intra-observer error by rater.

<p>In the landmark name, the backslash (/) indicates that the landmark is located at the intersection of the two sulci. P1 is the imprecision (mm) for each landmark in the first round of analysis. P2 is the imprecision (mm) for each landmark in the second round of analysis using the modified protocols. The hyphen (-) indicates that the landmark was not reassessed in the second round of analysis.</p

Volume measures plotted by age.

<p>Subjects in the CON group are represented by solid symbols, while the FIMs are illustrated with open symbols. The symbols for each individual are: ▾ CON-Mm, ▸ CON-Lf, ◂ CON-Om, ▴ CON-Vf, ▿ FIM-Bm, ◃ FIM-Tm, ▹ FIM-Sf, ▵ FIM-Lf, ⋄ FIM-Am. Mean group values are illustrated by a bar and connected by lines across time points for each group (CONs in black, FIMs in gray).</p

Mean volumes and percent mean reductions between CON and FIM for each structure.

<p>Mean volumes and percent mean reductions between CON and FIM for each structure.</p

Illustration of example surfaces of subcortical structures.

<p>The right thalamus (t), caudate (c), and putamen (p) are outlined in analogous slices spanning the rostrocaudal extent of the structures in one CON and one FIM at 5 years (radiological convention shows the subject’s right side on the left side of the image).</p