Cybersecurity: Recognizing the Risk and Protecting Against Attacks

This Note proceeds in six parts. Part II details the mechanics behind cyberattacks. Part III identifies the effects of cyberattacks on financial institutions. Part IV discusses the legal liability of financial institutions following a cyberattack. Part V evaluates regulatory efforts to increase cybersecurity requirements and prevent cyberattacks. Part VI suggests solutions financial institutions may use to protect against cyberattacks. Finally, Part VII concludes by emphasizing the importance of financial institutions using the available guidance to make sure that their networks are sufficiently protected

Recent Development: Counts v. State: Absent the Defendant\u27s Consent, the State May Not Amend the Charging Document if the Amendment Changes the Character of the Offense

The Court of Appeals of Maryland held that amending a charge from theft of property “with a value of less than $1,000” to theft of property “with a value of at least$1,000 but less than $10,000” without the defendant’s consent changed the character of the offense. Counts v. State, 444 Md. 52, 55, 118 A.3d 894, 895 (2015). Therefore, the court held that such action was prejudicial per se because it interfered with the defendant’s right to defend himself by not giving notice of the exact charges against him, thereby violating Maryland Rule 4-204

Recent Development: Espina v. Jackson: The Local Government Tort Claims Act Limits Local Government\u27s Liability for Constitutional Tort Claims Committed by its Employees; Local Government Employees Acting with Actual Malice Are Liable for Their Own Torts; And Multiple Wrongful Death Actions Arising From the Same Underlying Conduct May Be Aggregated for Purposes of the Damages Cap

The Court of Appeals of Maryland held that the damages cap of the Local Government Tort Claims Act (“LGTCA”) limits a local government’s liability for damages caused by an employee’s tortious act in violation of the state constitution. Espina v. Jackson, 442 Md. 311, 317, 112 A.3d 442, 446 (2015). The court also held that this limitation does not contradict the supremacy of the state constitution. Id. at 335, 112 A.3d at 456. Furthermore, the court held the LGTCA damages cap is not an unreasonable restriction on the right to remedy under Article 19 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights. Id. at 344- 45, 112 A.3d at 462. The court clarified that a local government is liable for its employee’s torts committed during the scope of employment, and employees are also liable for their torts if the employee acted with actual malice. Id. at 344, 346-67, 112 A.3d at 462-64. Finally, the court held wrongful death actions arising from the same underlying conduct are properly aggregated for determining damages

Recent Development: Espina v. Jackson: The Local Government Tort Claims Act Limits Local Government\u27s Liability for Constitutional Tort Claims Committed by its Employees; Local Government Employees Acting with Actual Malice Are Liable for Their Own Torts; And Multiple Wrongful Death Actions Arising From the Same Underlying Conduct May Be Aggregated for Purposes of the Damages Cap

The Court of Appeals of Maryland held that the damages cap of the Local Government Tort Claims Act (“LGTCA”) limits a local government’s liability for damages caused by an employee’s tortious act in violation of the state constitution. Espina v. Jackson, 442 Md. 311, 317, 112 A.3d 442, 446 (2015). The court also held that this limitation does not contradict the supremacy of the state constitution. Id. at 335, 112 A.3d at 456. Furthermore, the court held the LGTCA damages cap is not an unreasonable restriction on the right to remedy under Article 19 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights. Id. at 344- 45, 112 A.3d at 462. The court clarified that a local government is liable for its employee’s torts committed during the scope of employment, and employees are also liable for their torts if the employee acted with actual malice. Id. at 344, 346-67, 112 A.3d at 462-64. Finally, the court held wrongful death actions arising from the same underlying conduct are properly aggregated for determining damages

Reducing the barriers to breastfeeding : an analysis of health services in Northern Ontario

Given that there is a societal expectation that mothers of newborns initiate and maintain breastfeeding for at least six months, there is a concomitant expectation that society provide the essential services, education, and support systems to ensure breastfeeding success. The purpose of this study was to: 1. Determine the barriers that affect a mother’s decision to initiate breastfeeding and continue breastfeeding for the recommended six months (minimum). 2. Determine if current public health breastfeeding programs sufficient to overcome these harriers. 3. Determine what, if any, changes could be made to public health promotion or education programs to reduce the suggested barriers to breastfeeding. The study used a secondary data analysis of raw data from the Northern Ontario Perinatal and Child Health Survey (NOPCHS) (2003) to resolve the specific questions related to barriers, programs, and recommended changes. Regression analysis was used to first determine whether or not a mother chose to breastfeed, and second to determine how long a mother breastfed, exclusively. The results from the regression analysis suggested that a mother’s choice to breastfeed was based on whether she wished to increase her bonding with her child; whether she was comfortable breastfeeding in public places; whether she was in good health; and the level of her partner’s education. Likewise, the regression output identified that the length of time a mother breastfed was determined by a mother reporting an inadequate supply of milk; the child weaning him/herself; whether a mother felt comfortable breastfeeding in the mall; the mother’s confidence with breastfeeding at hospital discharge; whether the mother used of the Healthy Babies, Healthy Children program; the number of cigarettes the mother smoked; reported fatigue or inconvenience of breastfeeding by the mother; a plan to stop at the time when child was weaned; whether the mother worried about insufficient milk supply; the mother’s attendance at prenatal classes; the mother’s comfort breastfeeding at the workplace; awareness of breastfeeding drop-ins; the choice to breastfeed for cost efficacy; and the mother having the support of a lactation consultant. With respect to Research Question 2 (Determine if current public health breastfeeding programs sufficient to overcome these barriers), the results indicate that only 16% of the respondents continued to breastfeed at six months (the minimum duration recommended by the World Health Organization). This finding suggests that current public health breastfeeding programs are not sufficient to overcome the barriers to breastfeeding. Finally, based on the specific responses to questions in the NOPCHS and from previous studies reported in the literature, it is suggested that breastfeeding programs must be relevant; available to assist and provide support to mothers; be explicit; widely advertised and easily accessible; and promote a culture that supports mothers in their decision to breastfeed, while providing information to the general public on the benefits of breastfeeding, promoting acceptance of this natural behaviour

The HIV VACCINE: Learning from Failure and Building on Success

An effective vaccine for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has eluded researchers since the identification of the HIV virus. There are many challenges in developing an effective HIV vaccine, including the lack of knowledge regarding the immune response to the virus and its diverse nature. Ethical concerns further complicate research. A recent phase III trial was performed in Thailand and showed that a significant reduction in HIV infection is possible. Pharmacists need to stay informed of these important breakthroughs in AIDS research in order to provide quality health information to patients in their community. This paper aims to evaluate the past failures and successes as well as explore the recent advancements towards finding a vaccine for HIV. An estimated 33.4 million individuals worldwide are currently living with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).1 According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately 56,300 new cases of Human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) developed during 2006 in the United States alone.2 A cure for this disease has puzzled and eluded researchers since the identification of the HIV virus in 1983. However, hope is on the horizon with the advances in research that could eventually lead to an effective HIV-1 vaccine. As one of the most accessible health care providers, pharmacists need to stay informed on these important breakthroughs in HIV/AIDS research in order to provide quality health information to patients in their community

Behavioral and cognitive functioning in individuals with Cantu syndrome

Cantú syndrome (CS) is caused by pathogenic variants in ABCC9 and KCNJ8 encoding the regulatory and pore-forming subunits of ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP ) channels. CS is characterized by congenital hypertrichosis, distinctive facial features, peripheral edema, and cardiac and neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Behavioral and cognitive issues have been self-reported by some CS individuals, but results of formal standardized investigations have not been published. To assess the cognitive profile, social functioning, and psychiatric symptoms in a large group of CS subjects systematically in a cross-sectional manner, we invited 35 individuals (1-69 years) with confirmed ABCC9 variants and their relatives to complete various commonly applied standardized age-related questionnaires, including the Kaufman brief intelligence test 2, the social responsiveness scale-2, and the Achenbach system of empirically based assessment. The majority of CS individuals demonstrated average verbal and nonverbal intelligence compared to the general population. Fifteen percent of cases showed social functioning strongly associated with a clinical diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. Both externalizing and internalizing problems were also present in this cohort. In particular, anxiety, anxiety or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum behaviors were predominantly observed in the younger subjects in the cohort (≥25%), but this percentage decreased markedly in adults

word~river literary review (2009)

wordriver is a literary journal dedicated to the poetry, short fiction and creative nonfiction of adjuncts and part-time instructors teaching in our universities, colleges, and community colleges. Our premier issue was published in Spring 2009. We are always looking for work that demonstrates the creativity and craft of adjunct/part-time instructors in English and other disciplines. We reserve first publication rights and onetime anthology publication rights for all work published. We define adjunct instructors as anyone teaching part-time or full-time under a semester or yearly contract, nationwide and in any discipline. Graduate students teaching under part-time contracts during the summer or who have used up their teaching assistant time and are teaching with adjunct contracts for the remainder of their graduate program also are eligible.https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/word_river/1002/thumbnail.jp

Effects of improved home heating on asthma in community dwelling children: randomised controlled trial

Objective To assess whether non-polluting, more effective home heating (heat pump, wood pellet burner, flued gas) has a positive effect on the health of children with asthma