Effect of maternal factors on placental weight (g) for girls (n = 482).

<p>Results from univariate and multiple linear regression models.</p><p>*Fasting glucose at visit 1 and fasting glucose at visit 3 were entered separately in the multiple models, but only fasting glucose at visit 3 remained statistically significant and was entered in the final model presented in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0087303#pone-0087303-t005" target="_blank">Table 5</a>.</p

Characteristics of the newborns.

<p>*difference between boys and girls, independent sample t-test.</p

Effect of maternal factors on placental weight (g) for boys (n = 549).

<p>Results from univariate and multiple linear regression models.</p

Characteristics of the mothers.

<p>*according to WHO-criteria; ≥7.8 mmol/l 2 hours after 75 g glucose.</p><p># BP>140/90 and proteinuria.</p

Shape Information in Repeated Glucose Curves during Pregnancy Provided Significant Physiological Information for Neonatal Outcomes

<div><p>Objective</p><p>To use multilevel functional principal component analysis to exploit the information inherent in the shape of longitudinally sampled glucose curves during pregnancy, and to analyse the impact of glucose curve characteristics on neonatal birth weight, percentage fat and cord blood C-peptide.</p><p>Study Design and Setting</p><p>A cohort study of healthy, pregnant women (n = 884). They underwent two oral glucose tolerance tests (gestational weeks 14–16 and 30–32), which gave two glucose curves per woman.</p><p>Results</p><p>Glucose values were higher, and peaked later in third trimester than in early pregnancy. The curve characteristic “general glucose level” accounted for 91% of the variation across visits, and 72% within visits. The curve characteristics “timing of postprandial peak”, and “oscillating glucose levels” accounted for a larger part of the variation within visits (15% and 8%), than across visits (7% and <2%). A late postprandial peak during pregnancy, and high general glucose levels in third trimester had significant, positive effects on birth weight (p<0.05). Generally high glucose levels during pregnancy had a significant, positive impact on neonatal percentage fat (p = 0.04). High general glucose level in third trimester had a significant, positive impact on cord blood C-peptide (p = 0.004).</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Shape information in entire OGTT curves provides significant physiological information of importance for several outcomes, and may contribute to the understanding of the metabolic changes during pregnancy.</p></div

Effects of maternal characteristics on placental weight (g) in the total cohort (n = 1031).

<p>Results from univariate and multiple linear regression models.</p><p>*Fasting glucose at visit 1 and fasting glucose at visit 3 were entered separately in the multiple models, but only fasting glucose at visit 3 remained statistically significant and was entered in the final model presented in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0087303#pone-0087303-t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a>.</p

Flow-chart showing the inclusion and exclusion of women in the study.

<p>Flow-chart showing the inclusion and exclusion of women in the study.</p

Regression analyses.

<p>Results from univariable and multivariable regression analyses, with birth weight, neonatal percentage fat, or C-peptide in cord blood as response variables.</p><p>*Multivariable analyses included all glucose variables except FPC1^14–16, due to colinearity diagnostics. Variable selection was done by Akaike's information criterion.</p

Correlations between maternal BMI and metabolic parameters (Pearson correlation coefficient).

*<p>Significant correlation, p<0.05.</p

Flow chart.

<p>Flow chart.</p