Grey matter correlates of BNT.

<p>Brain regions where voxel-based GM volumes are positively correlated with BNT in 344 participants aged 70-90 years, superimposed on the sagittal slices of the brain template. The slices are at 4 mm intervals between and including -48 mm and 44 mm. The colour bar represents the t score ranging from 0 to 5.5; and yellow indicates a higher t score than red.</p

Grey matter correlates of COWAT.

<p>Brain regions where voxel-based GM volumes are positively correlated with COWAT in 344 participants aged 70-90 years, are superimposed on the sagittal slices of the brain template. The slices are at 5 mm intervals between and including -80 mm and 75 mm. The colour bar represents the t score ranging from 0 to 5.5; and yellow indicates a higher t score than red. </p

Grey matter correlates of CF.

<p>Brain regions where voxel-based GM volumes are positively correlated with CF in 344 participants aged 70-90 years, superimposed on the sagittal slices of the brain template. The slices are at 4 mm intervals between and including -48 mm and -20 mm. The colour bar represents the t score ranging from 0 to 5.5; and yellow indicates a higher t score than red.</p

Factors associated with cognitive decline.

<p>Interventions modifying factors with a significant population attributable risk might greatly reduce population-wide cognitive decline. Age and sex interactions suggest further benefits by tailoring interventions to particular demographic groups.</p

Baseline characteristics of the study participants^a.

<p><i>APOE</i> = <i>apolipoprotein E</i>; BMI = body mass index; BP = blood pressure; BSIT = Brief Smell Identification Test; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; GDS = Geriatric Depression Scale; NESB = non-English-speaking background.</p>a<p>Data are presented as No. (%), unless otherwise indicated.</p>b<p>Maximum n for the whole sample is 889; minimum is 820 (homocysteine).</p>c<p>For categorical factors, d is the difference in mean age of those meeting the factor versus those not meeting the factor. For continuous factors, r is the correlation coefficient with age.</p>*<p><i>p</i><.05 for men versus women (t- or χ² tests) or age associations (t- tests or Pearson correlations).</p

Baseline factors associated with cognitive decline^a.

<p>BSIT = Brief Smell Identification Test; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; MCI = mild cognitive impairment.</p>a<p>Includes factors remaining in reduced generalized linear models initially containing all associated with the cognitive measure at <i>p</i><.1 (including age and sex if not already present). Interaction results are adjusted for the independent factors listed, in addition to age (sex interactions) or sex (age interactions). Sex is coded as female = 0 and male = 1.</p

Change in cognitive performance^a.

<p>PS = processing speed.</p>a<p>Values are presented as follow-up <i>z</i>-scores minus baseline <i>z</i>-scores; all are significantly less than zero (<i>p</i><.001).</p>b<p>Pearson correlations using the whole sample.</p

Baseline diagnostic characteristics, brain region volumes and personality scale scores of reverters and non-reverters^a.

<p>ADL = Activity of Daily Living; MCI = mild cognitive impairment; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination; WMH = white matter hyperintensities.</p>a<p>Data presented as mean (SD) unless stated otherwise.</p>b<p>Maximum n, with small amounts of missing data for some factors.</p>c<p>Adjusted for age and education.</p>d<p>Result for <i>t</i>-test for unequal variances.</p>e<p>Full list of regions of interest in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059649#pone.0059649.s002" target="_blank">Table S2</a>.</p

Baseline factors associated with reversion from MCI to normal cognition.

<p>BSIT = Brief Smell Identification Test; CI = confidence interval; MCI = mild cognitive impairment; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination; OR = odds ratio.</p>a<p>Six multivariable regressions were conducted, one for each of the sets of variables labelled cognitive reserve, sensory, health and genetic, neuroimaging, personality, and diagnostic. For example, the regression for the cognitive reserve set featured education and mental activity, whereas that for the sensory set featured BSIT score and visual acuity. All ORs are adjusted for age and sex (neuroimaging results are also adjusted for intracranial volume).</p

Change in potentially modifiable categorically-measured characteristics and antihypertensive use from baseline to follow-up^a.

a<p>Data presented as No. (%).</p>b<p>Maximum n, with small amounts of data missing for some factors for either baseline or follow-up.</p>c<p>Results comparing reverters and non-reverters.</p>d<p>Change between abstainer, ≤1 drink/day, and >1 drink/day.</p>e<p>Change between <5, 5–10, and >10 contacts/month.</p