Pindi and Bidalaka - A Review

Ocular Therapeutics can be broadly divided into two i.e., either in the form of Kriyakalpa (local therapeutics) or systemic therapeutics. Kriya Kalpas are the Topical ocular Therapeutics indicated in various Netra Rogas which has several advantages over oral administration of medicines as it provides more time for bio availability. Contemporary sciences also make use of transdermal absorption of medicines and are considered as an efficient method of drug delivery. As Pindi and Bidalaka are the modified forms of Lepa Kalpana, same route is followed by these two also. In this article probable mode of action and importance of Pindi and Bidalaka will be discussed

Changes in the Quantum of Russian Fertility During the 1980s and Early 1990s

To investigate whether Russia's dramatic fertility changes pre- and post-Soviet times were due primarily to tempo effects, as has been argued recently, or to quantum effects, this study standardizes for factors that distort conventional fertility indexes. A time series spanning 1978-93 of period parity-progression ratios for the Russian Federation is constructed applying the PADTFR technique, which takes into account age, parity, and time elapsed since the birth of the previous child, to data from the Russian micro census of February 1994 (2.8 million maternity histories). Both the fertility rise of the 1980s and the fertility fall of the early 1990s are found to be primarily due to changes in the probability of a second birth. The impact of tempo on the conventional TFR is significant, but of relatively minor magnitude in comparison to changes in the quantum of fertility. The social and economic context in which the fertility change took place is described. Copyright 2005 The Population Council, Inc..