Structural evolution drives diversification of the large LRR-RLK gene family

Cells are continuously exposed to chemical signals that they must discriminate between and respond to appropriately. In embryophytes, the leucine‐rich repeat receptor‐like kinases (LRR‐RLKs) are signal receptors critical in development and defense. LRR‐RLKs have diversified to hundreds of genes in many plant genomes. Although intensively studied, a well‐resolved LRR‐RLK gene tree has remained elusive. To resolve the LRR‐RLK gene tree, we developed an improved gene discovery method based on iterative hidden Markov model searching and phylogenetic inference. We used this method to infer complete gene trees for each of the LRR‐RLK subclades and reconstructed the deepest nodes of the full gene family. We discovered that the LRR‐RLK gene family is even larger than previously thought, and that protein domain gains and losses are prevalent. These structural modifications, some of which likely predate embryophyte diversification, led to misclassification of some LRR‐RLK variants as members of other gene families. Our work corrects this misclassification. Our results reveal ongoing structural evolution generating novel LRR‐RLK genes. These new genes are raw material for the diversification of signaling in development and defense. Our methods also enable phylogenetic reconstruction in any large gene family

8-(2-Chloro­phen­yl)-1-(4-chloro­phen­yl)-4-[(E)-(2-chloro­phen­yl)methyl­idene]-6-methyl-4,5,6,7,7a,8-hexa­hydro-1,2,4-oxadiazolo[5,4-d]pyrido[3,4-c][1,5]benzothia­zepine

In the title compound, C33H26Cl3N3OS, the oxadiazole, piperidine and benzothia­pezine rings adopt envelope, chair and twist-boat conformations, respectively. In the crystal, the mol­ecular aggregation is characterized by chains of centrosymmetrically related pairs connected through Cl⋯Cl inter­actions [3.533 (2) Å], extending parallel to (202)

Crystal structure of [4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-1-phenyl-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-yl](thiophen-2-yl)methanone

The title compound, C[subscript 26]H[subscript 18]F[subscript 3]N[subscript 3]O[subscript 2]S, a 2-meth­oxy-substituted derivative, is closely related to its 4-methyl- and 4-chloro-substituted analogues and yet displays no structural relationships with them. The thio­phene ring is disorder free and the -CF[subscript 3] group exhibits disorder, respectively, in contrast and similar to that observed in the 4-methyl- and 4-chloro-substituted derivatives. The torsion angle which defines the twist of the thio­phene ring is -69.6 (2)° (gauche) in the title compound, whereas it is anti­clinal in the 4-methyl- and 4-chloro-substituted derivatives, with respective values of 99.9 (2) and 99.3 (2)°. The absence of disorder in the thio­phene ring facilitates one of its ring C atoms to participate in the lone inter­molecular C-H...O hydrogen bond present in the crystal, leading to a characteristic C(5) chain graph-set motif linking mol­ecules related through glides along [010]. An intra­moleculr C-H...N hydrogen bond also occurs

X-ray photoemission study of NiS_{2-x}Se_x (x = 0.0 - 1.2)

Electronic structure of NiS_{2-x}Se_x system has been investigated for various compositions (x) using x-ray photoemission spectroscopy. An analysis of the core level as well as the valence band spectra of NiS_2 in conjunction with many-body cluster calculations provides a quantitative description of the electronic structure of this compound. With increasing Se content, the on-site Coulomb correlation strength (U) does not change, while the band width W of the system increases, driving the system from a covalent insulating state to a pd-metallic state.Comment: 19 pages, 6 figures, To appear in Phys. Rev. B, 200

Performance of different varieties/hybrids of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) as mixed crop in coconut garden

A field experiment was conducted at Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod during 2001 to 2010 for studying the performance of black pepper varieties/hybrids when grown as mixed crop in 36 years old WCT coconut garden. Varieties such as Panniyur-1, Panniyur-2, Panniyur-3, Panniyur-4, Panniyur-5, Sreekara, Subhakara, Panchami, Kottanadan, OPKM, Collection 1041(Thevam) and hybrids such as HP-780, HP-105, HP-1411, HP-813 and HP-34 were grown in three replications. Among the varieties, Thevam, Panniyur- 4, Panniyur- 5, Sreekara, Subhakara and Panchami produced higher number of laterals with more spread (at five years age) compared to the other varieties. Thevam recorded significantly higher number of spikes (202.5), whereas the lowest was recorded in HP 780 (21.5). The spike length was the highest in Panniyur- 5 (15.4 cm), but was on par with varieties such as Panniyur-1, Panniyur-2, HP-1411 and OPKM. Sreekara recorded the lowest spike length of 8.7 cm. Six years mean dry spike yield indicated that, the yield was significantly higher with Thevam (1.81 kg/vine) followed by Panniyur- 5, which had recorded a yield of 1.12 kg/vine and differed significantly over other varieties. Panchami recorded higher oil (5.6 %) and oleoresin content (12.6%) and was on par with Panniyur-4, Kottanadan and OPKM. Due to the mixed cropping of black pepper in coconut garden an improvement in the coconut yield was noticed (132.2 nuts/palm/yr) during 2009-10 compared to the coconut monocrop (101.3 nuts/palm/yr) during 1999 to 2001

1-[3-(4-Chloro­phen­yl)isoquinolin-1-yl]-3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazole

The title compound, C30H20ClN3, is composed of a diaryl-substituted pyrazole ring connected to an aryl-substituted isoquinoline ring system with a dihedral angle of 65.1 (1)° between the pyrazole ring and the isoquinoline ring system. The 3-phenyl and 4-phenyl substitutents are twisted by 8.1 (1) and 43.0 (1)°, respectively, with respect to the pyrazole ring. The chloro­phenyl ring and the isoquinoline ring system are twisted by 21.2 (1)° with respect to each other

Effect of different methods of planting and spacing on growth and yield of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton)

Experiments cop.ducted at Sakaleshpur (Karnataka, India) to study the effect of different methods of planting and spacing on growth and yield of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) indicated that trench method of planting (60 cm x 30 cm) at 2 m x 1 m spacing resulted in significantly better growth and yield. &nbsp

Effect of different methods of planting and spacing on growth and yield of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton)

Experiments cop.ducted at Sakaleshpur (Karnataka, India) to study the effect of different methods of planting and spacing on growth and yield of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) indicated that trench method of planting (60 cm x 30 cm) at 2 m x 1 m spacing resulted in significantly better growth and yield. &nbsp

Primary double tooth with partial anodontia of permanent dentition: a case report

Dental anomalies of number and forms may occur in the primary and permanent dentition. Various terms have been used to describe dental twinning anomalies: gemination, fusion, concrescence, double teeth, cojoined teeth, twinned teeth, geminifusion and vicinifusion. Double tooth is a term used to describe connate tooth and includes both dental fusion and gemination. The phenomenon of gemination occurs when two teeth develop from one single bud leading to a larger tooth. Fusion is a condition in which the crowns of two separate teeth have been joined toge- ther during the crown development. Fusion occurs infrequently but could cause esthetic, spacing and periodontal problems. The present article highlights the presence of a primary double tooth in an 11 year old boy involving primary mandibular left lateral incisor and canine. Clinical examination and radiographic examination confirmed the absence of the permanent left mandibular lateral incisor. Cases with primary double tooth necessitate careful examination as they may be associated with anomalies in the succeeding permanent dentition and require proper treatment plannin