Growth of Literature in “Information Literacy” Topic 2000-2021 through Bibliometric Study.

Information literacy has been an emerging topic for many fields in recent years, and this paper aims to evaluate the field of information literacy in the context of Library and Information Science (LIS). The evaluation will be conducted by using bibliometrics and scientific visualization techniques. A total of 2288 articles were retrieved that are indexed under topic information Literacy on web of science (Science Citation Index, Social Science Citation Index & Arts & Humanities Citation Index) were identified in order to achieve this objective. Search using the term \u27information literacy\u27. Unify and standardize the data to make reliable evaluations. Evaluate publications, citation counts, their distribution to journals, documents, countries, etc. The findings of this study are important to reveal the pioneers and interdisciplinary of the field of information literacy. This is important for understanding the complexities of the issue and for evaluating the effectiveness of current campaigns

Friedewald-Estimated Versus Directly Measured Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Treatment Implications

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to compare Friedewald-estimated and directly measured low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) values.BackgroundLDL-C is routinely estimated by the Friedewald equation to guide treatment; however, compatibility with direct measurement has received relatively little scrutiny, especially at levels <70 mg/dl now targeted in high-risk patients.MethodsWe examined 1,340,614 U.S. adults who underwent lipid profiling by vertical spin density gradient ultracentrifugation (Atherotech, Birmingham, Alabama) from 2009 to 2011. Following standard practice, Friedewald LDL-C was not estimated if triglyceride levels were ≥400 mg/dl (n = 30,174), yielding 1,310,440 total patients and 191,333 patients with Friedewald LDL-C <70 mg/dl.ResultsPatients were 59 ± 15 years of age and 52% were women. Lipid distributions closely matched those in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A greater difference in the Friedewald-estimated versus directly measured LDL-C occurred at lower LDL-C and higher triglyceride levels. If the Friedewald-estimated LDL-C was <70 mg/dl, the median directly measured LDL-C was 9.0 mg/dl higher (5th to 95th percentiles, 1.8 to 15.4 mg/dl) when triglyceride levels were 150 to 199 mg/dl and 18.4 mg/dl higher (5th to 95th percentiles, 6.6 to 36.0 mg/dl) when triglyceride levels were 200 to 399 mg/dl. Of patients with a Friedewald-estimated LDL-C <70 mg/dl, 23% had a directly measured LDL-C ≥70 mg/dl (39% if triglyceride levels were concurrently 150 to 199 mg/dl; 59% if triglyceride levels were concurrently 200 to 399 mg/dl).ConclusionsThe Friedewald equation tends to underestimate LDL-C most when accuracy is most crucial. Especially if triglyceride levels are ≥150 mg/dl, Friedewald estimation commonly classifies LDL-C as <70 mg/dl despite directly measured levels ≥70 mg/dl, and therefore additional evaluation is warranted in high-risk patients

Achieving Secondary Prevention Low-Density Lipoprotein Particle Concentration Goals Using Lipoprotein Cholesterol-Based Data

BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic studies suggest that LDL particle concentration (LDL-P) may remain elevated at guideline recommended LDL cholesterol goals, representing a source of residual risk. We examined the following seven separate lipid parameters in achieving the LDL-P goal of <1000 nmol/L goal for very high risk secondary prevention: total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio, TC/HDL, <3; a composite of ATP-III very high risk targets, LDL-C<70 mg/dL, non-HDL-C<100 mg/dL and TG<150 mg/dL; a composite of standard secondary risk targets, LDL-C<100, non-HDL-C<130, TG<150; LDL phenotype; HDL-C ≥ 40; TG<150; and TG/HDL-C<3. METHODS: We measured ApoB, ApoAI, ultracentrifugation lipoprotein cholesterol and NMR lipoprotein particle concentration in 148 unselected primary and secondary prevention patients. RESULTS: TC/HDL-C<3 effectively discriminated subjects by LDL-P goal (F = 84.1, p<10(-6)). The ATP-III very high risk composite target (LDL-C<70, nonHDL-C<100, TG<150) was also effective (F = 42.8, p<10(-5)). However, the standard secondary prevention composite (LDL-C<100, non-HDL-C<130, TG<150) was also effective but yielded higher LDL-P than the very high risk composite (F = 42.0, p<10(-5)) with upper 95% confidence interval of LDL-P less than 1000 nmol/L. TG<150 and TG/HDL-C<3 cutpoints both significantly discriminated subjects but the LDL-P upper 95% confidence intervals fell above goal of 1000 nmol/L (F = 15.8, p = 0.0001 and F = 9.7, p = 0.002 respectively). LDL density phenotype neared significance (F = 2.85, p = 0.094) and the HDL-C cutpoint of 40 mg/dL did not discriminate (F = 0.53, p = 0.47) alone or add discriminatory power to ATP-III targets. CONCLUSIONS: A simple composite of ATP-III very high risk lipoprotein cholesterol based treatment targets or TC/HDL-C ratio <3 most effectively identified subjects meeting the secondary prevention target level of LDL-P<1000 nmol/L, providing a potential alternative to advanced lipid testing in many clinical circumstances

Impact of Subclinical Hypothyroidism on Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in Women

Context: Whether subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is associated with cardiometabolic abnormalities is uncertain. Objective: To examine diverse cardiometabolic biomarkers across euthyroid, SCH, and overt hypothyroidism (HT) in women free of cardiovascular disease. Design: Cross-sectional adjusted associations for lipids, lipoprotein subclasses, lipoprotein insulin resistance score, inflammatory, coagulation, and glycemic biomarkers by analysis of covariance for thyroid categories or thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) quintiles on a Women’s Health Study subcohort. Setting: Outpatient. Patients or Other Participants: Randomly sampled 3914 middle-aged and older women for thyroid function analysis (TSH, free T4), of whom 3321 were not on lipid-lowering therapy. Intervention: None. Main Outcome Measure: Associations of SCH and HT with cardiometabolic markers. Results: Going from euthyroid to HT, the lipoprotein subclass profiles were indicative of insulin resistance (respective values and P for trend): larger very-low-density lipoprotein size (nm) (51.5 [95% confidence interval (CI), 51.2, 51.8] to 52.9 [51.8, 54.1], P = 0.001); higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle concentration (nmol/L) [1283 (95% CI, 1267, 1299) to 1358 (1298, 1418), P = 0.004], and smaller LDL size. There was worsening lipoprotein insulin resistance score from euthyroid (49.2; 95% CI, 48.3, 50.2) to SCH (52.1; 95% CI, 50.1, 54.0) and HT (52.1; 95% CI, 48.6, 55.6); P for trend of 0.008. Of the other biomarkers, SCH and HT were associated with higher high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and hemoglobin A1c. For increasing TSH quintiles, results were overall similar. Conclusions: In apparently healthy women, SCH cardiometabolic profiles indicated worsening insulin resistance and higher cardiovascular disease risk markers compared with euthyroid individuals, despite similar LDL and total cholesterol. These findings suggest that cardiometabolic risk may increase early in the progression toward SCH and overt HT

Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve analysis of TC/HDL-C for achieving LDL-P<1000 nmol/L target value (solid line) with 95% CI (broken lines).

<p>The diagonal broken line indicates the line of random chance or no discrimination. • Indicates optimized cutpoint for TC/HDL-C (2.96); Sensitivity 0.82; Specificity 0.81.</p

LDL-P across LDL density phenotype adjusted for potentially confounding covariates.

<p>LDL-P across LDL density phenotype adjusted for potentially confounding covariates.</p