Behaviour change and water quality

While access to drinking water in India has increased over the past decade, the tremendous adverse impact of unsafe water on health continues. Twenty one percent of communicable diseases in India are estimated to be water related. The highest mortality from diarrhoea is in children under the age of five, and there is an urgent need for focused interventions to prevent diarrhoeal disease in this age group. Despite investments in water and sanitation infrastructure, many low-income communities in India and other developing countries continue to lack access to safe drinking water, proper sanitation and sewerage systems, garbage collection networks, and information and education on healthy hygiene and sanitation practices. Currently available strategies and technologies to make water safe to drink are unaffordable and inaccessible to most low-income households, particularly those without a regular piped water supply

Demographic characteristics, behavioral risk factors, HIV testing history, and use of prevention services among 780 men who have sex with men who attended Gay Pride and Minority Gay Pride events in 7 U.S. cities by circumcision status – 2006.

*<p>Respondents could select more than one race.</p>†<p>Other race includes American Indians/Alaskan Native, Asians/Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders, and people reporting “other” race.</p>‡<p>Two respondents reported >10 male partners.</p>§<p>For this question, n = 777 because 3 respondents answered ‘don't know.’</p

Willingness to be circumcised among 127 uncircumcised men who have sex with men not known to be HIV-infected who attended Gay Pride and Minority Gay Pride events in 7 U.S. cities – 2006.

*<p>Median age of respondents was 33 years.</p

Demographic characteristics, behavioral risk factors, HIV testing history, and use of prevention services and agreement with perceived risks and benefits of circumcision and willingness to be circumcised among 133 uncircumcised men who have sex with men not known to be HIV-infected who attended Gay Pride and Minority Gay Pride events in 7 U.S. cities by willingness to be circumcised as an adult – 2006.

*<p>Respondents could select more than one race.</p>†<p>Other race includes American Indians/Alaskan Native, Asians/Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders, and people reporting “other” race.</p>‡<p>Five uncircumcised respondents did not provide data for the perceived risks and benefits statements, therefore N = 127.</p

Demographic characteristics and HIV risk behaviors of 2268 clients whose finger-stick whole blood and oral fluid specimens were tested with the OraQuick Advance rapid HIV test, by state—incidence study, February 2005 through May 2005.

<p>A/PI/AI/AN/Other, Asian/Pacific Islander/American Indian/Alaska Native/Other; IDU, injection drug user; MSM, men who have sex with men; STD, sexually transmitted diseases.</p>a<p>Risk behaviors are not mutually exclusive.</p

Demographic and risk characteristics of 382 clients who had a true-negative or false-positive oral fluid OraQuick Rapid HIV-1 Antibody Test result—University of Minnesota performance study, April 15, 2004 through August 31, 2004.

<p>OR, odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; A/PI/AI/AN/Other, Asian/Pacific Islander/American Indian/Alaska Native/Other; IDU, injection drug users; MSM, men who have sex with men; STD, sexually transmitted diseases.</p>a<p>Values in bold font represent P≤0.25; variables included in the logistic regression model (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0000185#s2" target="_blank">methods</a>).</p>b<p>Age was categorized into a dichotomous variable with 37 years as the cutoff as this was the median age of performance study clients during both July 1, 2002–April 14, 2004 and April 15, 2004–August 31, 2004.</p>c<p>Risk behaviors are not mutually exclusive.</p>*<p> <i>P</i><0.05</p

Figure 1

<p>Epidemic curve of false-positive OraQuick rapid HIV antibody test results, oral fluid, by Month and Lot, University of Minnesota study, July 2002 through August 2004.</p

OraQuick Advance rapid HIV antibody test results for 2268 clients tested with oral fluid, Incidence Study, February 2005 to June 2005.

a<p>Test line intensity of test device compared to test line intensity of low-positive external control.</p

Year of HIV Diagnosis for 88 Male Inmates (Seroconverters) Who Became Infected with HIV During Incarceration, Georgia State Prison System, United States, 1988–2005.

<p>Year of HIV Diagnosis for 88 Male Inmates (Seroconverters) Who Became Infected with HIV During Incarceration, Georgia State Prison System, United States, 1988–2005.</p

Transmission Network Diagrams Representing 10 Inmates (▪) from the Largest Genetic Cluster Detected During an Investigation of HIV Transmission Among 88 Inmates, Georgia State Prison system, United States, 1988–2005.

<p>Transmission Network Diagrams Representing 10 Inmates (▪) from the Largest Genetic Cluster Detected During an Investigation of HIV Transmission Among 88 Inmates, Georgia State Prison system, United States, 1988–2005.</p