Binding efficiency of protein A/G-HRP to elephant serum Ig.

<p>(A) Under non-reducing conditions: protein A/G conjugate binds elephant IgG molecule at the MW of 150 kDa; (B) Under reducing conditions: protein A/G conjugate binds both H chain and L chain of elephant IgG with MW of 50 and 25 kDa, respectively (left panel). These MWs are identical to those of human IgG which reacts with HRP conjugated-goat anti-human IgG, IgM, IgA (H+L) and shows various bands of proteins with different MWs, suggesting of H chains and L chains of different Ig classes (right panel). The result also demonstrated that H chain, but not L chain of human Ig, binds protein A/G efficiently (middle panel).</p

Prevalence of H1N1pdm antibody in elephant sera by age-group, year and location.

<p>Prevalence of H1N1pdm antibody in elephant sera by age-group, year and location.</p

Detection of antibody to H1N1pdm HA using rHA protein as the test antigen in WB assay.

<p>(A) Convalescent serum from an H1N1pdm patient recognized the HA0, HA1 and HA2 proteins with MW of 75, 55 and 25 kDa, respectively as using anti-human Ig conjugate or protein A/G conjugate as the secondary detector; (B) Elephant sera with HI antibody titers ≥20 recognized HA0 and/or HA1 proteins, only one serum sample also recognized the HA2 domain; and (C) Elephant sera with HI antibody titer <20 does not react with H1N1pdm HA antigen. Protein A/G conjugate is used as the secondary detector for elephant sera.</p

Geographical distribution of domestic elephants infected with H1N1pdm virus in Thailand.

<p>Geographical distribution of domestic elephants infected with H1N1pdm virus in Thailand.</p

Screening for antibody to H1N1pdm virus in elephant sera by HI assay.

<p>Screening for antibody to H1N1pdm virus in elephant sera by HI assay.</p

The correlation between HI and NT antibody titers to H1N1pdm virus in elephant sera.

<p>The figure displays 10 serum samples with HI titer <20, and 32 samples with HI titer ≥20.</p

Screening for antibody to H1N1pdm virus in elephant sera by HI assay.

<p>Screening for antibody to H1N1pdm virus in elephant sera by HI assay.</p

Prevalence of H1N1pdm antibody in elephant sera by age-group, year and location.

<p>Prevalence of H1N1pdm antibody in elephant sera by age-group, year and location.</p