Veterinary profession in Antiquity

Veterinarska je medicina u nekim starim civilizacijama bila odvojena od humane medicine pa su štoviše tada postojali i stručnjaci za različite vrste životinja. U radu je dat kratak pregled veterinarstva pojedinih civilizacija starog vijeka. Smatra se da je Chiron (1350.-1270. pr. Krista) prvi koji je liječio, uporabio i uveo konja u ruralnu poljoprivredu. U povijesti se spominje prvi veterinar Urlugaledinnu koji je pretkraj III. milenija pr. Krista imao praksu na dvoru kralja u gradu Lagašu u Mezapotamiji. Najstariji pisani medicinski dokument jest Nipurska ploča iz 2100 g. pr. Krista. Na njoj je sumerski liječnik ispisao 12 recepata za pripremu ljekovitih masti i napitaka. Najstariji pisani podatak o liječenju životinja i o veterinarstvu u robovlasničkom društvu jest Veterinarski papirus, koji je pisan na papirusu u Egiptu 4000 g. pr. Krista. U Egiptu 3000 g. pr. Krista postoji viša škola „Dom života“ u kojoj se uz druge discipline učilo i veterinarstvo, dok su specijalna znanja iz veterinarstva mladići dobivali u Memfisu i drugim gradovima. Procvat je veterinarstvo doživjelo u starom Rimu u kojemu nalazimo puno knjiga o veterinarstvu. U Hrvatskoj nalazimo rimske ostatke vezane za stočarstvo.In certain early civilisations, veterinary medicine was distinguished from human medicine, and professionals dealt with specific animal species. This study provides a short review of the veterinary profession in several ancient civilizations. It is considered that Chiron (1350-1270 BC) was the first person to treat, use and introduce horses to rural agriculture. The first veterinarian mentioned in history was Urlugaledin, who by the end of third millennium BC had practiced at the king’s palace in the city of Lagaš in Mesopotamia. The oldest written medical document is the Nipur Tablet, dating to 2100 BC. This tablet contains twelve recipes for the preparation of medical ointments and potions written by Sumerian physicians. The oldest written record on animal treatment and the veterinary profession in the slavery society is the Veterinary Papyrus, written in Egypt in 4000 BC. A higher centre of learning called the ”Home of Life” was established in Egypt in 3000 BC, for education in the veterinary profession among other disciplines. Here, special training for the veterinary profession was organized for young men in Memphis and other cities. Numerous records indicated that the veterinary profession began to blossom in Ancient Rome. In Croatia, several Roman ruins are associated with animal husbandry

Veterinary profession in Antiquity

Veterinarska je medicina u nekim starim civilizacijama bila odvojena od humane medicine pa su štoviše tada postojali i stručnjaci za različite vrste životinja. U radu je dat kratak pregled veterinarstva pojedinih civilizacija starog vijeka. Smatra se da je Chiron (1350.-1270. pr. Krista) prvi koji je liječio, uporabio i uveo konja u ruralnu poljoprivredu. U povijesti se spominje prvi veterinar Urlugaledinnu koji je pretkraj III. milenija pr. Krista imao praksu na dvoru kralja u gradu Lagašu u Mezapotamiji. Najstariji pisani medicinski dokument jest Nipurska ploča iz 2100 g. pr. Krista. Na njoj je sumerski liječnik ispisao 12 recepata za pripremu ljekovitih masti i napitaka. Najstariji pisani podatak o liječenju životinja i o veterinarstvu u robovlasničkom društvu jest Veterinarski papirus, koji je pisan na papirusu u Egiptu 4000 g. pr. Krista. U Egiptu 3000 g. pr. Krista postoji viša škola „Dom života“ u kojoj se uz druge discipline učilo i veterinarstvo, dok su specijalna znanja iz veterinarstva mladići dobivali u Memfisu i drugim gradovima. Procvat je veterinarstvo doživjelo u starom Rimu u kojemu nalazimo puno knjiga o veterinarstvu. U Hrvatskoj nalazimo rimske ostatke vezane za stočarstvo.In certain early civilisations, veterinary medicine was distinguished from human medicine, and professionals dealt with specific animal species. This study provides a short review of the veterinary profession in several ancient civilizations. It is considered that Chiron (1350-1270 BC) was the first person to treat, use and introduce horses to rural agriculture. The first veterinarian mentioned in history was Urlugaledin, who by the end of third millennium BC had practiced at the king’s palace in the city of Lagaš in Mesopotamia. The oldest written medical document is the Nipur Tablet, dating to 2100 BC. This tablet contains twelve recipes for the preparation of medical ointments and potions written by Sumerian physicians. The oldest written record on animal treatment and the veterinary profession in the slavery society is the Veterinary Papyrus, written in Egypt in 4000 BC. A higher centre of learning called the ”Home of Life” was established in Egypt in 3000 BC, for education in the veterinary profession among other disciplines. Here, special training for the veterinary profession was organized for young men in Memphis and other cities. Numerous records indicated that the veterinary profession began to blossom in Ancient Rome. In Croatia, several Roman ruins are associated with animal husbandry

Historical overview of the global veterinary profession from the Middle Ages to the 19th century, with special reference to the incidence of infectious diseases in domestic animals

Veterinarsku djelatnost ili točnije rečeno pomoć bolesnim životinjama u srednjem vijeku obavljaju neprofesionalne osobe, bez obzira jesu li one iz vjerskih zajednica ili su to kovači, pastiri, vračevi i sl. U srednjem vijeku konj se uglavnom koristi kao radna, ali još više ratna životinja, zbog čega je bilo potrebno poznavanje ne samo bolesti kopita i potkivanje, nego i bolesti konja. Tako se pojavljuju hipijatri, stručnjaci za konje koje će kasnije naslijediti mareškalki, odnosno vidari-kuršmidi, (njihovi pomoćnici). Pojam medicina veterinaria zamjenjuje se pojmom mareschalia, koji je označavao liječenje i potkivanje konja, ali i općenita znanja o konjima. Zarazne bolesti domaćih životinja ugrožavale su stočni fond, a time i ljudski opstanak pa su se zbog njihovih pojava odgađala osvajanja i gubili ratovi.In the Middle Ages, the veterinary profes- sion, precisely defined as providing assistance to sick animals, was performed by non-profes- sional persons from religious communities or blacksmiths, shepherds, medicine men, etc. In the Middle Age horses were mostly used as working animals, and even more so as a war animal. Therefore, it was necessary to under- stand not only hoof diseases and shoeing, but also horse diseases. Hypiatrists soon appeared, as professionals for horses, which later were replaced by mareschalki, or healers-kuršmids, (and their assistants). The term medicina veteri- naria was been substituted by the term mare- schalia, which denoted the curing and shoeing of horses, but also included general knowledge about horses. Infectious diseases of domestic animals jeopardized the livestock fund, also af- fecting the survival of humans and resulting in delays in military battles and loss of wars

Historical overview of the global veterinary profession from the Middle Ages to the 19th century, with special reference to the incidence of infectious diseases in domestic animals

Veterinarsku djelatnost ili točnije rečeno pomoć bolesnim životinjama u srednjem vijeku obavljaju neprofesionalne osobe, bez obzira jesu li one iz vjerskih zajednica ili su to kovači, pastiri, vračevi i sl. U srednjem vijeku konj se uglavnom koristi kao radna, ali još više ratna životinja, zbog čega je bilo potrebno poznavanje ne samo bolesti kopita i potkivanje, nego i bolesti konja. Tako se pojavljuju hipijatri, stručnjaci za konje koje će kasnije naslijediti mareškalki, odnosno vidari-kuršmidi, (njihovi pomoćnici). Pojam medicina veterinaria zamjenjuje se pojmom mareschalia, koji je označavao liječenje i potkivanje konja, ali i općenita znanja o konjima. Zarazne bolesti domaćih životinja ugrožavale su stočni fond, a time i ljudski opstanak pa su se zbog njihovih pojava odgađala osvajanja i gubili ratovi.In the Middle Ages, the veterinary profes- sion, precisely defined as providing assistance to sick animals, was performed by non-profes- sional persons from religious communities or blacksmiths, shepherds, medicine men, etc. In the Middle Age horses were mostly used as working animals, and even more so as a war animal. Therefore, it was necessary to under- stand not only hoof diseases and shoeing, but also horse diseases. Hypiatrists soon appeared, as professionals for horses, which later were replaced by mareschalki, or healers-kuršmids, (and their assistants). The term medicina veteri- naria was been substituted by the term mare- schalia, which denoted the curing and shoeing of horses, but also included general knowledge about horses. Infectious diseases of domestic animals jeopardized the livestock fund, also af- fecting the survival of humans and resulting in delays in military battles and loss of wars

Hreljinski i bribirski urbar iz 1700. g. o životinjama i životinjskim proizvodima

U Hreljinskom urbaru propisano je davanje sulja (jedne vrste poteza) na krave, ovce i koze, a od ulova ribe davana je desetina. U Bribirskom urbaru propisano je davanje u slučaju posjeta zemaljskog gospodara. U oba urbara propisano je davanje konja za jahanje, lov na kamenjarku, jarebicu, zeca, medvjeda, lisicu, kunu, divlju svinju te ribu

Reversible chemical immobilization of wild red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) using tiletamine-zolazepam - xylazine hydrochloride mixture

Fifteen live-trapped red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) were immobilized during January 2002 in the Baranja region of Croatia. The main purpose of the manipulation was the first individual treatment of red deer against trematode Fascioloides magna. Tiletamine-zolazepam - xylazine hydrochloride combination (Zo-Ro) was used in this trial for immobilization. Safe and efficient immobilization of red deer calves was achieved by administration of 2.0 ± 0.29 mg/kg of tiletamine-zolazepam (Mean ± SD) and 2.76 ± 0.85 mg/kg of xylazine hydrochloride (Mean ± SD). Mean doses (SD) for complete immobilization of adults were 1.9 (0.22) mg/kg of tiletamine-zolazepam and 2.24 (0.64) mg/kg of xylazine hydrochloride. Mean (SD) induction period was 5.88 (2.17) min for calves and 5.1 (2.6) min for adults. Recovery was induced by administration of atipamezole. Mean dose (SD) of atipamezole was 0.14 (0.04) mg/kg for calves and 0.10 (0.02) mg/kg for adults. Mean recovery time was 12.25 min for calves and 13.2 min for adults. There were no complication or death cases during the immobilization or after it

Hreljinski i bribirski urbar iz 1700. g. o životinjama i životinjskim proizvodima

U Hreljinskom urbaru propisano je davanje sulja (jedne vrste poteza) na krave, ovce i koze, a od ulova ribe davana je desetina. U Bribirskom urbaru propisano je davanje u slučaju posjeta zemaljskog gospodara. U oba urbara propisano je davanje konja za jahanje, lov na kamenjarku, jarebicu, zeca, medvjeda, lisicu, kunu, divlju svinju te ribu

EXTENSIBLE NEURO-MYOPATHIES IN THE ELONGATION OF THE EXTREMITIES

U uvjetima distenzionih povreda ekstremiteta, a naročito pri kirurškim elongacijama radi izjednačavanja dužine ekstremiteta, česte su povrede neuro-muskularnih struktura. Najteži oblik je anatomski prekid kontinuiteta živca (neurotmesis), koji se liječi samo kirurškom intervencijom. Potpuni prekid aksona uz održan kontinuitet konektivnog tkiva živca (aksonotmesis) predstavlja ozljedu, koja se može spontano regenerirati ako je neuronska cijev sposobna voditi novostvorene izdanke. Najblaža komplikacija rastezne neuropatije predstavlja blok provodljivosti aksonima kroz određeno vrijeme (neuropraksija). Najdeblja vlakna miješanih živaca su najvulnerabilnija i oporavljaju se sporije od tanjih. Progresija oporavka je nepravilna, ne slijedi anatomski tok živca, ali je u većini slučajeva potpuna. Naglašava se važnost pravovremene i istovremene interpretacije kliničke slike rasteznih ozljeda perifernih živaca i mišića, komplikacije koje pri tome nastaju (kauzalgija, grčevi, kontrakture, ishemične paralize), te principi liječenja , koje determinira klinička slika, odnosno patomorfološki supstrat.Injuries of the neuro-muscular structures are frequent in the conditions of extensible injuries of the extremities, particularly in surgical elongations in order to equalize the lenghth of the extremities. The anatomic interruption of the nerve continuity (neurotmesis) is considered to be the most severe injury, which can be treated only surgically. The complete interruption of the axons with the retained continuity of the connective tissue of the nerve (axonotmesis) is an injury which can be regenerated spontaneously if the neuron tube is capable of leading new offsprings. The mildest complication in extensible neuropathy is the block of the axon conductivity over a definite period of time (neuropraxis). The thickest fibres of the mixed nerves are most vulnerable and recover slower than the thinner anes. Progression of the recovery is irregular; it does not follow the anatomic flow of the nerve, but the recovery is complete in most cases. Emphasis has been laid on the due and precise reading of the clinic picture of extensible injuries of the peripheral nerves and muscles, the complications that may develop (causalgia, cramps, contractions, ischemic paralysis), and the method of the treatment which are determined by the clinic picture, i. e. pathomorphological substrate

The Statute of Split (1312) on animals and animal products

Splitski statut ima 6 knjiga (Prva knjiga ima 21 glavu, Druga knjiga 61 glavu, Treća knjiga 129 glava, Četvrta knjiga 127 glava, Peta knjiga 46 glava, Šesta knjiga 75 glava, Nove statutarne odredbe i Knjiga reformacija 61 glavu). Držanju, napasivanju i trgovanju životinjama u prvoj je knjizi posvećena jedna glava, u Četvrtoj knjizi 6 glava, Knjizi reformacija 7 glava – ukupno 14 glava. Štetama na životinjama i s njima posvećene su 4 glave, i to u Trećoj i Šestoj knjizi po jedna i u Četvrtoj knjizi dvije glave. Proizvodima životinjskog podrijetla posvećeno je ukupno 19 glava, i to u Drugoj i Četvrtoj knjizi po dvije glave te u Knjizi reformacija 15 glava. Iz navedenoga proizlazi da od ukupno 520 glava u svim knjigama na životinje i životinjske proizvode otpada 37 glava (7%). Rad smo podijelili u nekoliko cjelina radi lakšeg razumijevanja iako se u nekim segmentima one preklapaju.The Statute of Split is divided into six statute books (the first book - 21 chapters, the second book - 61 chapters, the third book - 129 chapters, the fourth book - 127 chapters, the fifth book - 46 chapters, the sixth book - 75 chapters, the new statutes, and the book of novels - 61 chapters). One chapter in the first book, six chapters in the fourth book, and six chapters in the book of novels, that is a total of 14 chapters, are about animal keeping, grazing and trade. A total of four chapters, one in the third and the sixth book, and two in the fourth book, are regulating the damages to animals and with animals. A total of 19 chapters, two chapters in both the second and the fourth book, and 15 chapters in the book of novels, are regulating animal products. This means that from a total of 520 chapters in all of the books 37 (7%) chapters are about animals and animal products. This paper has been divided into several sections to ensure betterunderstanding, although in some areas the sections overlap

The history of livestock markets in the City of Zagreb

U radu je prikazano mjesto i datumi održavanja sajmova na području današnjega Zagreba, gdje su se kroz povijest prodavali stoka i proizvodi životinjskog podrijetla. Za vrijeme sajmenih dana trebao je vladati Božji mir (treuga Dei). Iako su se sajmovi vjerojatno održavali od samoga osnutka grada Zagreba, sigurno se zna da se na ovim prostorima održavaju od 1094. godine, to jest od samoga osnutka zagrebačke biskupije. Najstariji i najveći sajam zvao se Kraljevo, a trajao je dvadeset dana za sv. Stjepana (20. kolovoza). Markovski sajam i Margaretski sajam održavali su se sedam dana prije i sedam dana poslije sv. Marka i sv. Margarete. Trg Tridesetnice preimenovan je u Harmicu, od 23. lipnja 1848. u Jelačićev plac, od 1947. do 1990. nazivao se Trg Republike, da bi od 1991. ponovno dobio naziv Trg bana Jelačića. Zrinjevac je dobio ime 1866. godine. Najprije se zvao Marvinski trg, a kasnije je preimenovan u Novi trg. Sadašnji Trg Republike Hrvatske kroz povijest je mijenjao ime čak osam puta. Prvotno se zvao Sajmišni trg, i to je ime bilo aktualno do 1888. godine, kad je preimenovan u Sveučilišni trg. Nakon završetka Prvoga svjetskog rata, točnije 1919. dobio je naziv Wilsonov trg, a osam godina poslije preimenovan je u Trg kralja Aleksandra I., od 1941. nazvan je Trg I., a 1945. mijenja ime u Kazališni trg. Samo godinu poslije sporni trg dobiva ime Trg maršala Tita, a 1. rujna 2017. preimenovan je osmi put, u Trg Republike Hrvatske. Novoprojektirani trg zvao se Trg N, pa od 1927. godine Trg kralja Petra I. osloboditelja, od 1941. zvao se Trg III, a 1943. dobio je ime po bosanskom banu Kulinu. Ime je opstalo tek dvije godine te se 1945. mijenja u Trg žrtava fašizma do 1990. godine. Od 1990. do 2000. naziva se Trg hrvatskih velikana, a 2000. mu se ponovno vraća ime Trg žrtava fašizma.This article presents the location and dates of fairs held in today’s Zagreb, where livestock and animal product were sold over the course of history. During the fairs it was necessary to respect “The Peace of God” (treuga Dei). Although fairs were probably held from the very foundation of the City of Zagreb, it is known for certain that they were held in this area from 1094, that is from the foundation of the Zagreb Bishopric. The oldest and largest fair was known as Kraljevo (Royal) and lasted twenty days following St. Stephen’s Day (20th August). St. Mark’s Fair and St Margaret’s Fair were held for seven days before and seven days after St. Mark’s and St. Margaret’s Days. The square named after the Thirtieth tax was renamed Harmica, then from 23rd June 1848 it became Jelačić Square, and from 1947 to 1990 it was known as the Republic Square. From 1991 it became known once again as Viceroy Jelačić Square. Zrinjevac was named in 1866. First of all it was known as Marvinski Square, and later became New Square. The present-day Republic of Croatia Square has changed its name as many as eight times over the course of history. It was originally known as Market Square, and this name remained until1888, when it became University Square. After the end of the First World War, more precisely in 1919, it was renamed Woodrow Wilson Square, and eight years later King Aleksander 1st Square, then from 1941 Square I., and in 1945 its name changed to Theatre Square. Only one year later this square was given the name Marshall Tito Square, and from 1st September 2017 its name was changed for the eighth time, to Republic of Croatia Square. A newly designed square was called N. Square, and then from 1927 King Petar I Square, from 1941 Square III, and in 1943 it was given the name of the Bosnian King Kulin. This name only survived two years, and in 1945 it became the Victims of Fascism Square until 1990. From 1990 to 2000 it was known as the Square of Croatian Heroes, and in 2000 the name Victims of Fascism was restored