Virtualna društvenost - između virtualnih zajednica i umreženog individualizma

Since the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, the term virtual has become one of the most used in media and everyday speech. There is an increasing amount of research done on this new reality, and the results are still to be published. However, it is insufficiently known in scientific periodicals that the concept of virtual reality, enabled by information technology, has existed in the sociological literature since the 1990s when Castells introduced it to the theory of network society. Therefore, the paper\u27s primary goal is to consider basic concepts such as virtual reality, real virtuality, virtual communities, virtual sociability, and networked individualism. We will also briefly look at the forgotten classical notion of community as a fundamental form of sociability defined by the sociologist F. Tönnies, which re-enters the focus of scientific interest, without a clear and sociologically known classical definition. Starting from this framework, the paper examines the key question of whether these new virtual communities are indeed communities in the classical sense of the term or whether it is a form of networked individualism.Pojam virtualno je pojavom COVID-19 pandemije 2020., postao jedan od najkorištenijih u medijskom prostoru i u govoru svakodnevice. Sve je više i istraživanja o novoj stvarnosti, čiji rezultati se tek očekuju. Međutim, nedovoljno je poznato u domaćoj znanstvenoj periodici da koncept virtualne stvarnosti koju omogućava informacijska tehnologija, postoji u sociološkoj literaturi od devedesetih godina, kada ga u teoriju umreženog društva uvodi Castells. Stoga je glavni cilj rada prikazati i razmotriti neke osnovne pojmove kao npr. virtualna stvarnost, stvarna virtualnost, virtualne zajednice, virtualna društvenost i umreženi individualizam. Kratko ćemo se osvrnuti i na zaboravljeni klasični pojam zajednice kao temeljne forme društvenosti definirane od sociologa F. Tönniesa, koji ponovo ulazi u fokus znanstvenog interesa, bez jasne a u sociologiji poznate klasične definicije. Polazeći od tog okvira, u radu se propituje ključno pitanje, jesu li te nove virtualne zajednice uistinu zajednice u klasičnom smislu značenja pojma, ili je riječ o nekom obliku umreženog individualizma

Megabeds in Istrian Flysch as markers of synsedimentary tectonics within the Dinaric foredeep (Croatia)

Istrian Flysch was deposited during the Eocene in the Dinaric foredeep and is composed of hemipelagic marls and various gravity flow deposits. The latter are predominantly 5-40 cm thick turbidites, developed mostly as laminated and cross-rippled sandstone beds (Tb-e, Tc-e and Td-e Bouma sequences). In addition to the turbidites, there are deposits characterized by a significant thickness, occasionally more than 10 m, described as complex (bipartite) megabeds. The megabeds are composed of debrites in the lower part (Division I), and high-density turbidites in the upper part (Division II). The distinct clast composition of each megabed indicates that the lithoclasts were derived from tectonically active slopes and fault scarps along which collapses of the different parts of the Cretaceous to Palaeogene neritic carbonate succession, that underlie the Flysch, occurred. The Division II deposits are well cemented, normally graded calcirudite/calcarenites composed mostly of orthophragminids, nummulitids, and red algae, originating from outer ramp environments. Redeposited marl, observed in the matrix of the debrites and as intraclasts in some megabeds, implies that the collapses along the synsedimentary fault scarps and steep slopes also occurred within the foredeep itself, during the rapid tectono-sedimentary evolution of the Dinaric foreland basin

Sedimentological characteristics of the southern part of the Istrian flysch basin

Tema istraživanja su klastične naslage Istarskog fliša. Zajedno sa Foraminiferskim vapnencima, one čine ispunu Dinarskog predgorskog bazena koji je postojao na području Istre za vrijeme srednjeg eocena. Naslage fliša sastoje se od autohtonih hemipelagičkih lapora i naslaga taloženih iz gravitacijskih tokova. Za potrebe istraživanja analiziran je niz sedimentoloških stupova i točaka opažanja te su izdvojeni i opisani sedimentološki facijesi: olistoliti, megaslojevi, ruditni turbiditi, arenitni turbidit, lapori s rijetkim slojevima arenita, masivni lapori, te facijes slampova i klizišta. Megaslojevi su građeni od litoklasta porijeklom iz kredno-paleogenske karbonatne podloge, od fosilnog detritusa pretaloženog iz istovremenih karbonatnih rampi i od prerađenog bazenskog lapora. Karbonatni fosilni detritus prevladava i u ruditnim turbiditima, dok se siliciklastični detritus pojavljuje u tanjim turbiditima u gornjim dijelovima fliškog slijeda. Analize smjerova paleotransporta slojeva siliciklastičnog sastava ukazuje na dominantan smjer paleotransporta sa sjeverozapada prema jugoistoku, dok je za slojeve karbonatnog sastava prema sjeveru. Prema analizi facijesa možemo zaključiti da je Istarski fliš taložen na području podmorske padine i bazenske ravnice. Na taloženje megaslojeva glavni utjecaj imala je tektonika, koja je bila posljedica napredovanja dinaridskih struktura. Na temelju analiza zajednica planktonskih foraminifera i vapnenačkog nanoplanktona Istarskom flišu je potvrđena srednjeocenska starost.The topic of research are the clastic deposits of the Istrian flysch, which together with the Foraminiferal limestones, were deposited within a Dinaric foreland basin that existed in Istria during the Middle Eocene. The flysch consists of hemipelagic marls and various gravity-flow deposits which are the main focus of this study. For the purpose of the research, 13 sedimentological logs and four additional outcrops were analyzed. Sedimentary facies include: olistoliths, megabeds, rudite turbidites, arenite turbidites, marl with sparse beds of arenite, massive marl, slumps and landslides. The megabeds are composed of lithoclasts derived from older neritic limestones underlying the flysch, bioclastic sediments derived from synchronous carbonate ramps, and reworked basinal marls. Bioclastic fossil detritus is also one of the main components of rudite turbidites, while siliciclastic material is found only in arenite turbidites in the upper part of the Istrian flysch succession. Paleoflow measurments from siliciclastic strata indicate a dominant paleotransport direction towards the southeast, while the direction of carbonate beds was towards the north. According to the investigated facies, it is concluded that the Istrian flysch was deposited in deep-water paleoenvironments, base-of-slope and the basin plain. The deposition of megabeds and other deposits was influenced by tectonic activity related to the propagation of Dinaric structures. Based on the analysis of planktonic foraminifera and limestone nanoplankton assemblages, the age of the Istrian flysch was confirmed as Middle Eocene

Sedimentological characteristics of the southern part of the Istrian flysch basin

Tema istraživanja su klastične naslage Istarskog fliša. Zajedno sa Foraminiferskim vapnencima, one čine ispunu Dinarskog predgorskog bazena koji je postojao na području Istre za vrijeme srednjeg eocena. Naslage fliša sastoje se od autohtonih hemipelagičkih lapora i naslaga taloženih iz gravitacijskih tokova. Za potrebe istraživanja analiziran je niz sedimentoloških stupova i točaka opažanja te su izdvojeni i opisani sedimentološki facijesi: olistoliti, megaslojevi, ruditni turbiditi, arenitni turbidit, lapori s rijetkim slojevima arenita, masivni lapori, te facijes slampova i klizišta. Megaslojevi su građeni od litoklasta porijeklom iz kredno-paleogenske karbonatne podloge, od fosilnog detritusa pretaloženog iz istovremenih karbonatnih rampi i od prerađenog bazenskog lapora. Karbonatni fosilni detritus prevladava i u ruditnim turbiditima, dok se siliciklastični detritus pojavljuje u tanjim turbiditima u gornjim dijelovima fliškog slijeda. Analize smjerova paleotransporta slojeva siliciklastičnog sastava ukazuje na dominantan smjer paleotransporta sa sjeverozapada prema jugoistoku, dok je za slojeve karbonatnog sastava prema sjeveru. Prema analizi facijesa možemo zaključiti da je Istarski fliš taložen na području podmorske padine i bazenske ravnice. Na taloženje megaslojeva glavni utjecaj imala je tektonika, koja je bila posljedica napredovanja dinaridskih struktura. Na temelju analiza zajednica planktonskih foraminifera i vapnenačkog nanoplanktona Istarskom flišu je potvrđena srednjeocenska starost.The topic of research are the clastic deposits of the Istrian flysch, which together with the Foraminiferal limestones, were deposited within a Dinaric foreland basin that existed in Istria during the Middle Eocene. The flysch consists of hemipelagic marls and various gravity-flow deposits which are the main focus of this study. For the purpose of the research, 13 sedimentological logs and four additional outcrops were analyzed. Sedimentary facies include: olistoliths, megabeds, rudite turbidites, arenite turbidites, marl with sparse beds of arenite, massive marl, slumps and landslides. The megabeds are composed of lithoclasts derived from older neritic limestones underlying the flysch, bioclastic sediments derived from synchronous carbonate ramps, and reworked basinal marls. Bioclastic fossil detritus is also one of the main components of rudite turbidites, while siliciclastic material is found only in arenite turbidites in the upper part of the Istrian flysch succession. Paleoflow measurments from siliciclastic strata indicate a dominant paleotransport direction towards the southeast, while the direction of carbonate beds was towards the north. According to the investigated facies, it is concluded that the Istrian flysch was deposited in deep-water paleoenvironments, base-of-slope and the basin plain. The deposition of megabeds and other deposits was influenced by tectonic activity related to the propagation of Dinaric structures. Based on the analysis of planktonic foraminifera and limestone nanoplankton assemblages, the age of the Istrian flysch was confirmed as Middle Eocene

Sedimentological characteristics of the southern part of the Istrian flysch basin

Tema istraživanja su klastične naslage Istarskog fliša. Zajedno sa Foraminiferskim vapnencima, one čine ispunu Dinarskog predgorskog bazena koji je postojao na području Istre za vrijeme srednjeg eocena. Naslage fliša sastoje se od autohtonih hemipelagičkih lapora i naslaga taloženih iz gravitacijskih tokova. Za potrebe istraživanja analiziran je niz sedimentoloških stupova i točaka opažanja te su izdvojeni i opisani sedimentološki facijesi: olistoliti, megaslojevi, ruditni turbiditi, arenitni turbidit, lapori s rijetkim slojevima arenita, masivni lapori, te facijes slampova i klizišta. Megaslojevi su građeni od litoklasta porijeklom iz kredno-paleogenske karbonatne podloge, od fosilnog detritusa pretaloženog iz istovremenih karbonatnih rampi i od prerađenog bazenskog lapora. Karbonatni fosilni detritus prevladava i u ruditnim turbiditima, dok se siliciklastični detritus pojavljuje u tanjim turbiditima u gornjim dijelovima fliškog slijeda. Analize smjerova paleotransporta slojeva siliciklastičnog sastava ukazuje na dominantan smjer paleotransporta sa sjeverozapada prema jugoistoku, dok je za slojeve karbonatnog sastava prema sjeveru. Prema analizi facijesa možemo zaključiti da je Istarski fliš taložen na području podmorske padine i bazenske ravnice. Na taloženje megaslojeva glavni utjecaj imala je tektonika, koja je bila posljedica napredovanja dinaridskih struktura. Na temelju analiza zajednica planktonskih foraminifera i vapnenačkog nanoplanktona Istarskom flišu je potvrđena srednjeocenska starost.The topic of research are the clastic deposits of the Istrian flysch, which together with the Foraminiferal limestones, were deposited within a Dinaric foreland basin that existed in Istria during the Middle Eocene. The flysch consists of hemipelagic marls and various gravity-flow deposits which are the main focus of this study. For the purpose of the research, 13 sedimentological logs and four additional outcrops were analyzed. Sedimentary facies include: olistoliths, megabeds, rudite turbidites, arenite turbidites, marl with sparse beds of arenite, massive marl, slumps and landslides. The megabeds are composed of lithoclasts derived from older neritic limestones underlying the flysch, bioclastic sediments derived from synchronous carbonate ramps, and reworked basinal marls. Bioclastic fossil detritus is also one of the main components of rudite turbidites, while siliciclastic material is found only in arenite turbidites in the upper part of the Istrian flysch succession. Paleoflow measurments from siliciclastic strata indicate a dominant paleotransport direction towards the southeast, while the direction of carbonate beds was towards the north. According to the investigated facies, it is concluded that the Istrian flysch was deposited in deep-water paleoenvironments, base-of-slope and the basin plain. The deposition of megabeds and other deposits was influenced by tectonic activity related to the propagation of Dinaric structures. Based on the analysis of planktonic foraminifera and limestone nanoplankton assemblages, the age of the Istrian flysch was confirmed as Middle Eocene

Structural setting and geodynamics of the Kvarner area (Northern Adriatic)

The Kvarner area is located in the Northern Adriatic Sea, between the south-east Istrian Swell, the Rijeka coast and the Croatian sea boundary. It includes several islands, representing the outcropping parts of anticlines produced by the compressional/transpressional deformation of the External Dinaric Chain. An extensive 2D seismic dataset, acquired for hydrocarbon exploration and calibrated by wells, allowed us to reconstruct the time structural maps in Kvarner and unravel its regional fault pattern. The Dinaric compressional phase affected the area in the Late Cretaceous, with both thin- and thick-skinned tectonics related to Adriatic Carbonate Platform (AdCP) succession rigidity. Structural highs facing the Kvarner offshore from the Istrian inland continue through the Kvarner and Rijeka bays and outcrop in the islands. These anticlines, originating from the pre-Messinian Dinaric thrust system, were reactivated by the post-Messinian transpression, as testified by flower structures. Several sharp valleys represent two main low structural lineaments, developed between the anticlines and partially incised during the Messinian. They were observed throughout the entire studied area, specifically in the western part of the bays, where the lineament continues through the valleys and penetrates the SW-Istria land. Data show that the Messinian erosional effect and sedimentation patterns were influenced and driven by the morphology of older structures produced by the Dinaric compressional phase

Geological Model of Pićan Area, Istria

During geological mapping of Istria (Croatia) numerous carbonate beds (megabeds) were recorded within the informal lithostratigraphic unit Istrian flysch. Istrian flysch deposits are mostly characterized by typical alter-nations of hemipelagical marl and gravity-flow deposits (BERGANT et al., 2003). The monotonous succession of marl and mixed carbonate-siliciclastic sandstone is intercalated with several relatively thick carbonate beds - megabeds, composed of breccia, conglomerate, bioclastic arenite/siltite and marl. The thickness of these megabeds varies between 0.5–5 m, rarely over 10 m. The megabeds are interpreted as complex sequences of rockfall, debrite and turbidite deposits, characteristic for the lower part of the basin fill (BERGANT et al., 2003). In eastern Istria, near the town of Pićan, an unusual carbonate layer is mapped, named “Pićan bed“, whose genesis cannot be explained by the depositional mechanisms of turbidite currents or debris flows, characteristic for the Istrian Flysch deposits. For this purpose, a more detailed field investigation was performed and a sedimentary log (Pić-I) was recorded within a tectonically undisturbed succession of Paleogene deposits. At the base of the succession an informal lithostratigraphic unit “Foraminiferal limestone” gradually transitions into “Marls with Crabs” and further into “Globigerina marls” informal lithostratigraphic units. The interval of massive “Globigeri-na marls” is approx. 100 m thick and transitions into the Istrian flysch lithostratigraphic unit, here represented with this unusual “Pićan bed”. Flysch deposits are composed of calcarenite beds, marl, sandstone, and, of course, megabeds are well documented in the surrounding area. The sedimen-tary log was used to complement the new lithostratigraphic map of the area (PETRINJAK et al., 2018).The geological model of the Pićan area was built based primarily on the lithostratigraphic map and geological cross-sections, and the Digital Surface Model (DSM) of the area. The data were modelled using Midland Valley Move geological modelling software. The new lithostratigraphic map together with other available data, such as Digital Orthophoto Images of the area were used to construct a series of geological cross-sections needed for the model, while an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) was used to record the DSM of the area.Finally, the geological model of the Pićan area displays, faithfully as possible, the spatial distribution of the “Pićan bed“ and the interesting geological setting of the Pićan area, Istria

Mid-Eocene Thermals record in Istrian Paleogene Basin (Outer Dinarides, Croatia), Neotethys

Several short sections have been studied in Istria (Outer Dinarides, Northern Adriatic) to determine impact of short-term climate variability during the critical period of Mid-Eocene greenhouse climate evolution on pelagic assemblages from the northern mid-latitudes. In order to determine the age of the deposits and paleoecological conditions of the environment, marl samples were laboratory processed and prepared for microscopic analysis. Further taxonomic determination of calcareous nannoplankton and planktonic foraminifera was done together with quantitative research methods. Planktonic foraminifera tests are recrystallized and not suitable for stable isotope data. Because of that, isotope analyses have been proceeded (δ 13C and δ 18O) from bulk sediments and δ 13C is correlated with regional to global results. Based on new calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy with regional geochronology (Fornaciari et al., 2010), and implementations of available geochemical data for two hyperthermal intervals (Late Lutetian Thermal Maximum and Middle Eocene Climate Optimum CIE), for the first time these events are going to be more precisely dated from the first attempts made by Jovane et al. (2007), where the age was miscorrelated with 41.5 Ma for the MECO, which is actually the LLTM age dated in Southern Hemisphere

Mid-Eocene Thermals record in Istrian Paleogene Basin (Outer Dinarides, Croatia), Neotethys

Several short sections have been studied in Istria (Outer Dinarides, Northern Adriatic) to determine impact of short-term climate variability during the critical period of Mid-Eocene greenhouse climate evolution on pelagic assemblages from the northern mid-latitudes. In order to determine the age of the deposits and paleoecological conditions of the environment, marl samples were laboratory processed and prepared for microscopic analysis. Further taxonomic determination of calcareous nannoplankton and planktonic foraminifera was done together with quantitative research methods. Planktonic foraminifera tests are recrystallized and not suitable for stable isotope data. Because of that, isotope analyses have been proceeded (δ 13C and δ 18O) from bulk sediments and δ 13C is correlated with regional to global results. Based on new calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy with regional geochronology (Fornaciari et al., 2010), and implementations of available geochemical data for two hyperthermal intervals (Late Lutetian Thermal Maximum and Middle Eocene Climate Optimum CIE), for the first time these events are going to be more precisely dated from the first attempts made by Jovane et al. (2007), where the age was miscorrelated with 41.5 Ma for the MECO, which is actually the LLTM age dated in Southern Hemisphere

Geological Modelling at the Croatian Geological Survey

Geological modeling at the Croatian Geological Survey is a developing discipline. In the past few years, a number of geological models were made, mostly for internal use, or as a training result for the ongoing projects, primarily GeoTwinn and Geosekva, while others were built for the purposes of scientific publication. This review will give several examples of selected geological models developed during the past few years period. It will also list different types of geological models and needed typical input data, and give a basic workflow for model building. Geological modeling requires acquisition of different spatial surface and subsurface input data, including primarily digital elevation model – DEM (or similar), different base maps, and other spatial data containing various geological information. Besides the resulting geological model, in the model building process, a whole series of resulting maps and other cartographic outputs are developed